Clinical Psychology Module 1 | NET/JRF | CUET (PG) | M.… — Transcript

Introduction to Clinical Psychology covering definitions, assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and roles for NET/JRF and CUET PG exams.

Key Takeaways

Clinical psychology is an evidence-based practice that applies scientific knowledge to assess, diagnose, and treat mental health issues.
Assessment is the core and unique function of clinical psychologists, essential before diagnosis and intervention.
Different exams require different preparation approaches: CUET PG focuses on direct knowledge, UGC NET emphasizes conceptual application.
Clinical psychologists work in diverse settings beyond therapy, including schools, hospitals, NGOs, and legal systems.
Understanding theory, science, and practice pillars is crucial for effective clinical psychology application.

Summary

Introduction to clinical psychology and its importance as a scientific, evidence-based discipline.
Differences between CUET PG and UGC NET exam question styles and preparation tips.
Definition, nature, and scope of clinical psychology including its distinction from abnormal psychology.
Explanation of the three pillars of clinical psychology: science, theory, and practice.
Roles of a clinical psychologist including assessment, diagnosis, intervention, research, and consultation.
Detailed overview of clinical assessment methods such as clinical interviews, MSP, observation, and psychological testing.
Importance of assessment as a unique and foundational task in clinical psychology.
Discussion on different types of psychological tests including intelligence, personality, and developmental tests.
Emphasis on evidence-based interventions like CBT, REBT, family therapy, and relaxation training.
Overview of clinical interview types and components of mental status examination (MSE).

Chapters

Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown

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Hey guys, welcome to Psychologic. My name is Akanga, and I'm your clinical psychology educator. Today, we will be starting with module one. But before starting, I will be telling you how to attempt today's module mock test. We'll go through it together, so you don't

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need to worry. I'll tell you at the end of this session. So be ready for that.

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And I hope you all know that the course is focused specifically on preparing you for CUTPG and UGC net. So, are there any question differences between CUTPG questions and UGC net questions? Right.

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Not a lot in terms of the syllabus, but more in terms of how they ask questions.

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So CUTPG questions are more direct, more definition-based, more authors, years, and age ranges, match the columns, while UGC net questions are more about, you know, applying the concept. You know, it's more concept-based, how good are you at

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understanding the concept and applying it. So don't worry, we'll discuss everything properly so you will be able to apply the concept, and obviously, we will be discussing authors, years, age ranges, things like that. So keep your notebook and pen ready so you can take

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note. Okay, let's see what we are going to cover today. So today's journey, we're going to cover clinical psychology definition, nature and scope, history, roles, training, training and Indian regulation, mental health professionals, you know what clinical assessment is,

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their principles, its process, goals, clinical interview, MSP, psychological testing, and under that, we'll discuss intelligence test, personality assessment, and finally case formulation. And then at the end, we'll do five questions from today's class, and then I'll tell you how

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to attempt the mock test. So without further ado, let's start. Now before we get into what clinical psychology is, why did we need clinical psychology as a separate branch of psychology in the first place?

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Do you think everything that happens, any emotional problem that you face is a disorder? No. Right? Like you're stressed or you're anxious. These are normal human experiences. That does not mean you have a disorder. Right? But when these emotional experiences are

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very intense, it is disabling. It affects your daily functioning, your work, your education. That is when we might consider it as a disorder. So how did we reach there? You know, we needed a scientific understanding of it. We, uh,

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needed to understand what is happening in a more evidence-based way. That is where clinical psychology comes in. Like I think, okay, there's a student, you know, who's struggling in their studies, right? The parents have tried to teach them themselves, the teachers in schools are

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trying, they have tutors for that child, but nothing is helping. So is that child just, you know, you'll call that child dumb or lazy? No. Right? Or let's just say your friends, uh, your friend who used to come to college every day and, you

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know, used to take part in everything around you suddenly has lost all this interest. Would you call that, oh, this friend has just gotten lazy? No, right? Or let's say, you know, uh, uh, your sister comes to you and tells you that, you know,

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I have been hearing voices. Would you say, oh, you're just stupid, you're imagining things? No, right? You can't just jump into conclusions, you know. You need a systematic assessment of it. You need to understand, you need to observe

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what is happening. That is why clinical psychology came into the picture in the first place. So let's see now what clinical psychology is. Clinical psychology is applying your knowledge. But before just discussing clinical psychology, there is another term, abnormal

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psychology. So what is the difference, clinical psychology, abnormal psychology? Abnormal psychology is the study of abnormal behavior, while clinical psychology is applying that knowledge to assess, to diagnose, to treat, to help individuals. That is what clinical psychology is. So to

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understand it, there are three major terms from, you know, that definition: science, theory, and practice. Three important terms, three pillars of clinical psychology. What do we understand by these terms? Science. Science means the field of clinical psychology is

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evidence-based. We don't go about talking about things based on our intuitions. We have scientific methods.

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We have standardized assessments. You know, we have research evidence to say those things. Okay. So, let's see if someone comes and tells you that this, you know, I'm feeling very anxious.

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Does that person have anxiety or, you know, anxiety disorder? No. What is happening? And how will you understand it? That is fine. But why is it happening? That's where theory comes in, right? That anxious behavior, you know, can be explained in a multiple

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way. Suppose, you know, a person, um, having a panic attack. Panic attack can be explained in multiple ways. It can be explained through behavioral theories, cognitive theories, psychoanalytic theories, psychodynamic theories. So different, um, you know, the same thing can

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be explained in different manners, different theories. Now is knowing enough? But you all just knowing about the theory and the science behind it is not enough. You need to know how to apply it.

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Okay, let's see. There are two people both have, you know, have the diagnosis of depression. Would you give them the same treatment? Similar, maybe, but same, no, right? Their treatments would differ, and how do you understand what kind of

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treatment which individual, uh, you know, would help that individual more? That is where practice comes in. You practice, you understand, and that is how you learn how to actually apply clinical psychology in real life. Okay. Now what does a clinical

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psychologist do? You know, therapy, obviously, it is one, you know, one of the parts of it, but is it the only part of it? No. Right. Therapy is one of the aspects of what a clinical psychologist does. You know, let's start with the

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first one. Assessment. Okay. Um, assessment is something that truly distinguishes clinical psychology as a profession from all the other professions in the mental health field. How? What does, you know, assessment mean? You know, it can have clinical interviews, MSP,

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observation, psychological testing, case histories. It is basically the backbone of the whole clinical work. You know, without assessment, you cannot, uh, diagnose, you cannot plan interventions, you can even not, uh, you know, decide on what, uh, you know, you're going to

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proceed with, right? So that is why assessment is the first step as well, and it is the most unique to clinical psychology. Okay, why is it? Because no other professional in the field of mental health does assessment. That is

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the work of a clinical psychologist. Now after assessment comes diagnosis. You know, we have taken all the information from them through assessment, right? Now based on that assessment, based on diagnostic criteria, we give a diagnosis. You know, criteria like what

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the condition is. That's it. Not how it developed, why it developed, those things, the case formulation we'll discuss it at the end. Then comes intervention. Intervention is basically what treatment, right? Based on evidential, um, psychological approaches. We have

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different kinds of treatments like CBT, REBT, family therapy, relaxation training. So, but always remember assessment comes before diagnosis as well as before intervention. Okay.

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Then comes the research work. So, clinical psychology is a scientific discipline. You need to understand, evaluate, improve, and advance the field as well. So, that is where research comes in. Then comes consultation. A most confused part is that a clinical

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psychologist works alone with an individual. No, clinical psychologists can work with schools, hospitals, rehab centers, NGOs, organizations, even legal systems. You know, schools can, you know, call up a clinical psychologist and ask them to plan, uh, workshops or things like

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that. That also comes under consultation by a clinical psychologist. Then comes prevention. Clinical psychologists do not just treat problems, but they also try to prevent it. How? Through aw-

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that. Right? And at the end we come to teaching and supervision. Teaching and supervision. A clinical psychologist teaches students, teaches um you know about the field and also trains interns you know supervises them how to actually you know that practice part of it. How

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do you practice? You practice under someone who has already gained experience in the field. Now, has clinical psychology always existed as a profession? Obviously not. All right. In 1460 BC, we have hypocrite where ancient Greek. He is also known as the father of

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medicine. Father of medicine. So, hypocrite is known as the father of medicine. before hypocrite before 1460 CC you know any problem any mental health problem was treated as oh no you know it's punishment it's a ghost it's a spirit

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you know things like that those beliefs were broken by him he said that you know mental health problems have natural causes and not supernatural causes and this was a major revolution back then he gave the theory of poor human theory of

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you know and he proposed four humors or bodily fluid based on that And he said those fluids are blood, yellow bile, black bile and plen.

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And he said that when the balance between these four uh bodily fluids is disturbed then there is some kind of physical or mental innocence. Now you would expect the society to move forward right but unfortunately the society moved backwards after the proposal of

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not having any supernatural causes or and having natural causes by hypocrites. Unfortunately during the middle ages we went back to supernatural causes. People again believed that you know these problems were witchcraft you know possessions, magic, punishment by God

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and things like that. But fortunate fortunately you know during the 1700 we again started to move further. Okay. How did we move further?

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We started what? Scientific observation started to take place. Okay. Here is where we started scientific observation.

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Hypocrates was natural causes. Then come a very important person 1793 Philip Danell. Before this in mental health asylums okay these functioned as places where people were not treated as humans they were literally chained. Okay. And he said that they are not criminals you

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know they have to be treated with compassion with dignity. They have to be given humane treatment. Okay. So that is where he released these patient and started the moral treatment.

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And that is how uh we finally started to have some kind of ethics in the field.

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Okay. Now something that is commonly mistake you know mistaken when it comes to clinical psychology between wound and bit. Okay. Let's understand that wound and bit wound is William. He gave he basically made psychology a scientific discipline.

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Okay. He opened his first laboratory in Lib Germany. It was an experimental laboratory. Okay. But always remember he opened a laboratory not for treatment for experiments. Okay. While Vitimmer came in 1896. Okay. Um he saw a young boy who was struggling academically

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especially with his spelling. Okay. So he did a scientific assessment and planned an intervention to solve a real life problem. That is where there was the birth of clinical psychology as a profession. In 1896, there was birth of

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clinical psychology as a profession. Okay. But the term clinical psychology came in 197 by Whitmer itself. Profession 1896 term 197.

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Okay. Okay. Now clinical psychology has developed as a profession. But how did it become such a large profession? Three major developments happened. Okay. The first milestone was 195 bin Simon intelligence test. That was the first intelligence test that happened. Okay.

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Now, second was World War I. Okay. Now, how did did you decide during the world war that someone should become a soldier or not? Are they even competent to become a soldier? Can they logically think? Can they take the role of the

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leadership? So the two tests were developed. First the test was which was developed was army alpha. First army alpha was developed then army beta was developed. Army alpha was for the people who were literate who can read and write

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English. Okay. And then came army beta for soldiers who cannot read or speak English you know fluently and were illiterate. They were also s they were also training to be soldiers right. So we also needed test for them. So that is

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where alpha beta came in. Another important development that happened was Woodward personal data sheet. Okay, this is one of the most earlier psychological screening questionnaire. Okay, this is where psychology started to become objective. We have standardized psychological assessments. This became

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the foundation of clinical psychology. Okay, now world wars have you know how much psychological scar you might have right? So you might have trauma for that right? So that time that was called shell shock.

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shell shock. Okay, which is in the modern days which we call PTSD. Okay, so there was a huge demand for assessment, for rehabilitation, for treatment, more need of clinical psychologist. The hospitals expanded, veteran services expanded, you know, we developed

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veterans administration. Okay. And then we needed a proper standard for training this clinical psychologist. So came two models, Boulder model and veil model.

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So the first let's discuss bolder model. Okay. So a boulder boulder conference happened in 1949. Okay. This said that a clinical psychologist should be uh should be both a scientist as well as a practitioner. A important part to

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remember is has equal focus equal focus on research and clinical practice. Okay. And the degree that you needed for that was a PhD a doc doctorate uh doctorate of philosophy in psychology. Okay. Now this a lot of psychologists complain

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that this has too much focus on research which leaves very less time to be trained properly in the field. Okay. So came the whale conference in 1973 which said that we need more focus towards clinical skills psychotherapy assessment

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and less towards research. So that is why is called a practitioner scholar model. Yes, there is still research but comparatively lesser focus. Okay. So always remember older is an PhD and the newer degree is called SID which is

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doctorate of psychology. Doctorate of psychology. Okay. This is very important for your UGC net examination. So remember that. Okay. But what about India? You know this all whatever we discussed was a very western perspective. What happened in India

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right? So for India the development of clinical psychology was mostly through development of university hospitals training organizations things like that.

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So the first uh you know uh formal education in psychology in India beam began in University of Kolkata. Okay.

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One of the most uh you know pioneers of psychology in India was Girinda Shakharbos. He founded the first founded first Indian psycho analytic society.

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He was you know in consultant with uh Freud himself and he founded Indian psychoanalytic society. Then came Nimhan CIP. Okay. What we need to remember is okay. CIP 1962 began the official training in psychology.

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This actually was made in 1918 as an asylum. Okay. Then came um Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists and right now it has been going stronger and stronger but it has been going stronger but how do you become a clinical psychologist in

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India? One of the major roles that plays is RCI rehabilitation council of India. Okay, they have the responsibility to maintain the quality to maintain everything regarding that admission eligibility everything like that. Now remember the admission and eligibility criteras changes uh you know through

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time. The current that we are aware of is you need a four years bachelors in psychology two years rci recognized masters in clinical psychology then rci registration under c you have to have a CRR number central rehabitation register and that

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is how you become a licensed clinical psychologist. Okay. What are the roles? You know it recognizes professional training programs, maintains the standard, it maintains the CR and also decides legally whether you can practice as a independent clinical psychologist

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or not. Remember always degree is not equals to license. Just because you have a bachelor's or a master's does not mean that you are licensed.

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Okay. For licensing you have to do this and get registered under CRR. Okay. Now moving forward um these are the four premier RCI recognized training institutes right now. There are more but these are some that I have mentioned.

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Nimhan, PIP, um LD, IMH, IbH. Okay, remember uh you know their date. Okay, and where they are.

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Okay, let's move forward. Okay, now imagine a friend who is feeling very anxious for several months. They are not able to sleep properly. They do not go to college properly. They have they have been having panic attack. Who would you

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suggest them to consult? Clinical psychologist, counseling psychologist, psychic. The answer it will be a team effort. They have different training, different responsibilities but they work together.

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Okay. Let's discuss clinical psychologist. Clinical psychologist understands assess diagnose treat sheet using scientific meth method. They have a major responsibility of assessing. Obviously, assessment is can be only done by them. Okay? They have to be registered under RCI. They have to

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have a CR. They cannot give you medications. They cannot prescribe medication. Okay? Transfering psychologist more like life difficulties. you know not severe psychological disorders but life difficulties like relationship problem you know stress adjustment issues grief self-esteem issues things like that then

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come psychiatrist they have a totally different journey altogether this they are medical doctors with MDBS MD training okay they prescribe medication they have the ability to diagnose as well as prescribe medication like antid-depressants antiscychotic angelics mood stabilizer things like that

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remember diagnosis is not prescription. Okay. Psychiatrist can do both. We any I mean clinical psychologist cannot prescribe. Okay. Now the field of mental health does not end there. We also have uh psychiatric social workers, occupational therapists, mental health

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nurse neurosychiatrist psychologist. Right? Because it is a multi-disiplinary uh field. Okay. Now when a client says I'm not feeling okay, you directly give a diagnosis. Oh, you have depression. Oh, maybe you have OCD or anxiety. No, right? You do not have

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enough information. Right? A stressed person could be grieving. It could be a burnout issue or they could have a panel disorder. Right? So before helping the client, we need to understand what the problem is. Right? So that is where

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clinical assessment come in. It is a systematic process. It is a systematic process of collecting information.

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Right? Now, how do you collect that information? Your clinical interview with is talking to the kind where they are presenting their concern, right? You observe their behavior, how you know their posture, eye contact, facial expression, things like that. Then we

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have MSE. We'll discuss this later. We have psychological test standardized test reliable, valid, right? You have case history. Case history is all the information, developmental history, you know, past history, medical history, family history, educational history, occupational history, things like that

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and collateral information not only from the patient but also from friends, friends, peers, uh teachers, your parents like that. Okay. Now remember assessment is broader than testing. Okay. When you go to a doctor and you tell that I have

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been having you know fever for past 5 days. Okay. Will they say okay directly go and get a blood test? No. They'll also ask you questions. Okay. Uh from how many time, how much fever, right?

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They'll take your temperature. They'll also maybe take your uh blood pressure. They'll uh you know uh take your pulp, your heartbeat, things like that.

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They'll also maybe prescribe more different kinds of tests. So it's a whole process, right? So testing is just a part, you know, it is not the whole assessment. See, pedological test is a part of clinical assessment. Clinical assessment is a whole process. Okay. So

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what are the principles of clinical assessment right symptomatic? So you don't just diagnose right you don't just diagnose right you start with a logical sequence as we said it's a proper sequence that you need to follow you take interviews you move on to MSSE you

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know mostly doing it together then you go and do assessments and together you make you know a diagnosis a treatment and things like that now multimemethod it means you use different kinds of methods as I said you are also taking

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interview you're also taking MSE you're also uh doing psychological testing so multimethod multis source information from different uh you know people as we said teachers, parents, peers, anyone okay it is evidence based it is not only based on you know a personal intuition

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so I feel like this it is scientifically validated you can't just make a questioner at night and you know use it to diagnose in the morning right it's not empirical okay now it is a continuous process what do I mean by

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continuous process is suppose um before we started the therapy I used PHQ9 okay and the the first week the score was 20 Now while the therapy is going on suppose in the six week I again administer a PHQ9 and the score is

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eight. Now you can see that there is an improvement. Okay. So this is a continuous process. You're still assessing uh it's a whole journey. Okay.

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And then we have cultural and ethically culturally and ethically sensitive. Okay. In one culture eye contact can be seen as a sign of disrespect while in the other culture that could be seen as something that uh shows your attention.

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and things like that. So different culture have different meaning and ethics. We obviously have to take their consent, maintain confidentiality, respect them, maintain professional boundaries and things like that. Okay.

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So what are the goals? First, we don't just diagnose. We understand what the problem is. You just don't go and oh you have this problem. No, you understand the client. Do several u you take interviews and test and then you finally

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move on. Okay. Two people with a same disorder even can have two different life stories and benefit from two different treatments. Right? Secondly, identifying the problem. Now, what is actually causing the distress? What are the symptoms? What are the strengths?

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What are the productive factors? What are the stresses? We need to know all of this. Third is after having enough information that is when we decide does this information actually meet any kind of diagnostic criteria. Okay. So now

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that we have uh taken all the information, we understand the diagnosis what the diagnosis is. Now we decide how to help. Maybe it's a panic disorder and they could be helping using TBT or maybe uh they are grieving and counseling

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would be much more helpful. So that is where you decide that then we monitor progress. Okay, you just don't go about with the treatment. You also need to see is the treatment helping? Right? Are the symptoms reducing? Are they still

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maintained? You know, are they increasing? So, we need to have some kind of understanding of that as well.

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So, we are monitoring that. And the last is we evaluate the outcomes. In the starting, we set some goals, right? So, have you actually met the goal? Has the P person improved? Okay. Now, can they still need support or can we terminate?

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Right? So, it's a complete assessment cycle. How is it a cycle? You'll see through this clinical assessment process. It's like a road map. It's the a journey of the clinical assessment.

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Whatever we discussed till now in proper order, let's see an example. Suppose um there's a 24 year old boy with 3 months he's problem facing problem. He's all anxious all the time.

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He's not able to sleep properly. He's not going to college properly. And he just has this constant nagging feeling that something is going to go bad. Okay.

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What do you do? That is his presenting complaint. You take the interview, you ask questions, you know more about this person, you know, okay, why what happened? Maybe something happened 3 months back. Okay, what has been the situation? Things like that. While doing

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this interview, you have also done you also conduct MSE which we'll see later. Then we move on to some kind of test.

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Maybe you'll use an anxiety rating scale or a personality measurement or uh uh I don't know depression rating scale, things like that. And then we formulate a case. How do we formulate a case?

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Again we learn okay based on those things now we see if it meets the diagnostic criteria and based on that diagnosis we plan the treatment okay now as we said the student this 24 year old boy came he's anxious you did not just

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directly administer test or directly uh you know start diagnosis right you talk to them but do you just talk to them oh let's gossip no right you your talking has a clear purpose okay it has a clear purpose it has a whole system

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a whole process. Okay, it's not just a random conversation. It is purposeful. It is systematic. You're trying to understand the person's story. Now, when you're trying to understand the person's story, there are some things that is important while doing that. First is

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building rapport. Building rapport is basically building trust, building you know that comfort level where that person feels uh safe enough, comfortable enough to share his or her story, right?

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Um you have to be warm. You have to mention that you know uh there is no judgment here. You know whatever you tell me here uh we wouldn't share it with anyone. Your confidentiality is maintained. Things like that. Then we

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gather information. We gather information like presenting complaint. We gather information like history of the present illness. We gather information about their medical history, their family history, their educational history, their occupational history, uh their social relationships, their um present circumstances, their strengths,

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their coping mechanisms, things like that. And based on these things, that is what guides our clinical decisions that we'll take forward. Now, interviews could be of three types. Structured interview, semi-structured interview, and unstructured interview. Okay, structured interview. It's reliable.

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It's consistent, right? You have a fixed questions that you're going to ask. Especially beneficial when you have a large number of uh things to do. Uh right. Um so it's efficient. It's fast.

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It's easy to do as well. Moving on to a semiructured, you need to have a guide.

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First of all, what do you mean by guide? Okay, you have a structure. You have a structure, but you also have flexibility. You have a prompt, but the client is free to go about, you know, go on about that prompt. Think like that.

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Then is unstructured that is free flowing conversation. It's open-ended but it's not like unpurposeful. It still has a purpose. Okay. It gives you space.

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It gives the client the space to understand to uh you the space to understand and the client the space to express. Okay. Great. Now let's move on to mental status examination. So when we are doing clinical interview, we don't

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just listen, we also observe. What do we observe? What we're trying to do is take a screenshot, a snapshot. That is what MSE is. It's a snapshot. It's a snapshot of the current mental functioning. Okay, current gate. But is it just random? No,

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it's not. It's also systematic. It has a proper structure. Okay, remember it's a snapshot of current. Right now, not past, not future. No personality, no life history. Right now, okay, it is not done separately. It's done during the

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clinical interview itself. Right? It has a broad domain. Appearance, you know, it starts before even the clients start speaking. The client enters, assessment start. Okay. Appearance, you will see um the grooming, the hygiene, things like that. Then we have behavior, we have

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speech, we have mood, we have thought, we have perception, cognition, insight and judgment. Okay.

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Appearance and the appearance, behavior, speech, mood effect, thought and cognition we'll discuss. But before that, perception. Perception is are there any hallucination? Perception is what the person is perceiving. Something that is not there and the person has perceived that inside and judgment is

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inside. Does the person have the understanding of what why they are here? Uh in the sense that suppose a a client has schizophrenia. Do they even understand that they have some kind of um disorder or do they have no

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understanding of it at all? Okay. Judgment is are they able to make proper judgments, proper decisions or not.

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Okay. Now let's come back to appearance and behavior. First is general appearance. General appearances, grooming hygiene clothing facial expressions, eye contact. Okay? So suppose um a client comes to you, he's poorly groomed, you know, his hair is all the places, he's extremely tired,

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right? You know, it gives you a clue that might be related to I'm not it I'm not saying it's something, but it might be related to depression. Okay? It adds on to it, right? But suppose a person with mania might have, you know, wear

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excessive V curve, excessive jew, things like that. These are clinical clues. Clinical clues. Okay. Then we have um attitude towards examiner. Are they cooperative? Are they friendly? Are they very guarded? Very suspicious, very hostile, you know. So these things also give you an idea.

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Maybe they're very paranoid. Schiztorenic people are very paranoid. Okay. Okay. So very suspicious, very guarded. Okay. So now third is comprehension. Are they even understanding what you're saying, what you're asking? So that is a comprehension comes in. Gate and

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postural. How are they sitting? Are they slouched? Are just rigid? Are they, you know, uh, you know, stiffling? Are are they just stooped like this? You know, these things matter in understanding, right? A depressed person is usually very um slow, very slouched. While uh in

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a Parkinson's uh person you can see that they have a very shippling gate. They can't just be like this or that. They just try to adjust a lot. Then you have motor activity. Again what is the movement? Are they restless, agitated?

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They have tremors. They have agitation. They um they are fidgeting things like that. It reflects their emotional as well as their neurological state. Okay.

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Again as I said maybe they're restless, right? So that could uh indicate a lot of things. May you know a child with ADHD might be restless. Okay. At the same time as we said a Parkinson uh a person suffering from Parkinson might

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have tremors. Okay. So that is how you can touch. Then we have social matter.

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How appropriate is their social behavior? Are they very polite? Are they overly friendly to you? Are they extremely withdrawn? Are they very inappropriate with you? So things like that also give you clues. And then we have rapper. How have you built that

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trust? Have you built that environment where they are comfortable enough to share things with you? Okay, great. Then let's move on to speech. It's not only about what you see, it's also about what they're saying, right? But not only what

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they are saying, how they say, how they say. Okay? So is something that you can directly observe, right? So you observe it in three manner. First is wait and quality is still speak rapid very pressurized very hesitant. Okay. A

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person uh with depression might sound very slow to you while uh a person with mania you know their voice has this pressured feeling. Okay. So things like that. Then we have volume and tone.

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Volume and tone is is that they're speaking very softly, very loud, very monotonous. Okay. Very emotional. It'll also give you an idea of their emotional state. Then flow and rhythm. Is it logical? Is it tangential? Is it very uh

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is it organized or not? Things like that. Okay. While are they speaking when they're speaking, is there a rhythm to it? Are they speaking this uh uh or uh things like that matter? Okay. Like how the speech flows but not the con what they're

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thinking. How just the flow of the speech. Then we have thought that is where something that is not directly observable but we observe through the speech. Right? So it has stream and form and content. What do you mean by stream

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and form? Stream and form is how organized uh or uh express the content is okay. While when we take when we talk about content it's like what the client is talking about. It could be a delusion or passion. uh you can uh see what the

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client is talking about is hopelessness, worthlessness, suicidal ideiations, things like that. These two terms are often confused. So there is this slide where MSC confusion busters we'll clear this up there. Okay. Now in cognition, let's start with consciousness. Are they

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alert and awake? That is what you're asking here. Orientation time. Are they oriented to time? They do they know what time it is? Are they oriented to the place? Do they know where they are? Are they oriented to the

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person? Do they know who who they are? And are they oriented to the situation?

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Do they know why what is happening around them? Okay. Attention. Are they able to focus initially? Right? If you call their name, that's focus. And then concentration. Are they able to sustain that focus? I'm talking to you, talking

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to you, talking to you. Are they are you able to concentrate? Are you able to focus for a longer period of time? In memory. What we are checking their immediate memory. their recent memory and their remote memory. Like recent

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could be what they had for breakfast. Remote could be some story from their childhood and immediate could be you can just ask them what you just said. Things like that. Intelligence, we are not doing a proper IQ assessment here but

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just a clinical idea of um what uh their intelligence level would be. Okay. And then abstract thinking. Abstract thinking is not something concrete that I'm saying. Okay. It's more um like a proverb. Suppose I say you know don't

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judge a book by its cover. So do you just say okay I'm seeing the book and I'm not supposed to judge it uh the cover. No it means that don't just look at someone and you know judge their

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whole personality. Right? So that's an abstract thought. Are they able to understand that thing? Okay. Now as I said there are two topics that is extremely confusing and extremely uh a lot asked is these two confusing topic.

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Mool versus effect and thought form work with thought content. Okay. So let's just understand mool versus effect. Um I have been feeling very sad for the past month. This is what a client comes to you and says to you. What is this? This

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is mood. Mood is told to you by the client. It is subjective in nature.

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Okay. Now I say as a clinical psychologist that know I according to my observation his expression was extremely flat and a very little emotional expression was there. What is that? That is effect. That is the obser observation by the clinician. It is objective in

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nature. So mood is subjective. It is by the client. Effect is objective and by the clinician. Always remember that.

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Now let's move on to thought form versus thought content. Suppose I say I'm reading a book. How the book is written.

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Okay. That's the organization of the book. The expression that is the form thought form. But what the story is about that is the content. You know it could seem like a delusion uh guilt thought suicidal thought in the um in

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the client. Okay. So suppose someone comes and tells to you you know my neighbor spies on me. Okay. Is it a thought form or thought content? It's a thought content. So with this remember these two and with this we are done with

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mental status examination. Now that we are done with mental status examination and interview. Now we have a clinical um impression clinical impression of the client but that is subjective in nature.

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We need something objective something standardized some kind of evidence to support what we understood. Okay that is where psychological testing comes into the picture. Three words standardize measure and specific.

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Standardize means it has to be uh you know reliable and it has to be validated. If I'm using the same test again and again and again it shouldn't give different results. Okay. And it should test what is it is supposed to

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that is standard measure it measures something right? It is measuring some kind of thing. It could measure personality. It could measure some kind of symptoms for depression for anxiety something. Why why did we use the term specific? A test does not

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measure everything, right? It measures something specific. A test could measure u maybe a test would measure anxiety or a test would measure um depression, you know, but there are different tests.

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Every test is specific to something. Okay. Now, there are different type of tests that's why first we have intelligence test, they measure your cognitive ability like uh we have ways, we have Stanford bin things like that.

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Then uh we have personatic test. They measure your personality trait and they can also measure psychopathic tendencies right we have MNPI we have NEO we have um 16PF and many other tests then developmental test they are usually done

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for children to assess their developmental milestone neuroscychological test it is you know to measure your brain functioning your behavioral behavior tendencies right it is especially done after um a brain injury or a stroke or some kind of neurological disorder and then symptom

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rating scale they measure the severity of uh um any kind of disorder like you know ham a we have ham D we have BDI so psychological testing is one piece of the puzzles and you know clinical interview was one piece of the puzzle MS

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was one piece of the puzzle these total together you know all of these come together to make a whole picture right now intelligence assessment intelligence assessment so we We are discussing specifically here some of the tests given by David Wesler. Okay. We have

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WPPSI wler preschool and primary scale of intelligence with vash intelligence scale for children. Wash adult intelligence scale and you need to know the major indices for the uh recent the most current ways and also the evolution of ways and evolution of width. Take a

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screenshot of it. Okay. And remember these information these are constantly asked. You also have to do uh some other tests. So miss my is an Indian test.

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Okay. Most standardized Indian test. It is an adaptation of W. It is mostly used for children in India. Okay. Bhya battery test.

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Bhya battery test is largely non-verbal very famously used again in India because it is cultural specific. Then RPM it is culture fair test. Why is it culture fair test? Because it is non-bable. And then what does it measure? Fluid intelligence. These are

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important pointers. Remember that uh RPM is uh has three guides TPM, SPM and APM.

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TPM is colored progressive mattresses. SPM is standard progressive mattresses. APM is advanced progressive matrices.

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Colored progressive mattresses are for children. SPM standard is for general population and advanc is for above average population, gifted population.

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Okay. Now move on to personality assessment. So again for personality assessment two things that you need to remember is objective test and projective test.

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Projective test okay objective test are fixed they're standardized they have a proper structure and they're quantitative in nature. So they're easily easy to score as well. Okay objective test some objective pair have MNPI NEOPs EPQ. Okay. Well, projective test is more

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subjective in nature. They have ambiguous stimuli. Okay. Um maybe they'll show you some cards and ask you to inter you know you will say what you see and then they'll interpret that. So it is qualitative in nature as well like

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in test cow street person job person test and many more. Right? So again you need to remember these take a screenshot.

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Remember this information very frequently asked. Now let's move on to a very important topic which is case formulation. So when you make a diagnosis, what does a diagnosis tell you?

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A diagnosis tells you what the disorder is, what the disorder is. It does not tell you why it developed, what maintains it, what triggered it and what factors will help you in the recovery.

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That is what is case formulation. That is what the case formulation tells you. That is what the four piece model is about. So the predisposing factors talks about what actually you know increases the vulner what actually made you

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vulnerable to the disorder itself. It could be uh you know genetic uh you inherited it genetically. It could be a childhood trauma. It could be just your personality or it could be some kind of history. Right? So those are

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predisposing factor. The next is precipitating factors. What actually triggered the current state? Okay. How that you reach to that state? That is what is uh precipitating factors. It could be a breakup. It could be job loss. It could be uh you failed in an

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exam. Then we have perpetuating factors. Perpetuating factors are factors that maintains that problem. Okay. Um what is keeping the problem going? It could be uh you know a very uh abusive household.

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It could be substance abuse. It could be your negative thinking things like that. Then we have perpetrating factors.

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Perpetrating factors are factors that you know uh they are your strength. They are your good uh you know positive parts that strengthen that support your recovery. It could be having family support. It could be insight to the disorder itself. It could be good

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motivation. It could be good coping skills. Things like that. Now how is this based on? This is also based on biocschosocial model. So it's your biological factors, psychological factors, social factors coming together, it's not one single cause. So suppose um

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a a person suffering from depression maybe their family has a history of depression, you know, and u then you failed an exam. Okay. Then you were keeping yourself isolated just thinking negatively and negatively and negatively and then now you are in recovery. So you

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have very supportive parents and uh you have very supportive friend. So that would become your perpetuating factor.

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So that is how this whole thing work. Okay. So take a screenshot of this as well. These are one of the most common uh clinical diagnostic interviews that you need to know and is uh very frequent in exam. Kid mini PD and CAN. Okay. Take

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a screenshot of it. And also take a screenshot of this common pinnacle and K. Okay. um we will discuss these with the disorders itself for now just take this as a reference table and take a screenshot of it. Okay.

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Now that we are done with our module one let check what you have actually learned. So first who established the first psychological clinic marking the birth of clinical psychology as a profession. Just you know pause the video answer it and then you can hear me

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telling you the answer. Okay, pause it, answer it yourself. It's okay if you're not able to answer as well. Great if you do. Okay, it's just you need a little bit of revision. Look into your note.

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It'll be very helpful. Okay, so who established the first psychological clinic marking the birth of general psychology as a profession? Lightn Okay, great. Okay, second question. A client reports feeling sad but smiles throughout the interview and laughs while discussing distressing event.

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Which MSP finding is most appropriate? A depressed mood with congruent effect. B utomic mood with appropriate effect. C depressed mood with inongruent effect and D elated mood with restricted effect.

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Okay, answer would be C. Depressed mood because mood is by the client and inongruent effect is by the clinician.

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Right? Objective and projective. Okay. Third is which intelligence test is specifically designed for preschool age children? A test 4 B risk 5 C WPPPSI 4 and D miss the answer would be WPSI 4. Remember the word specifically yes missic can be used but specifically

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designed for it is WPSI 4. Fourth question. Malin's intelligence scale for Indian children is an Indian adaptation of which test? A. Stanford delay, B RPM, C whisk and D bhya battery.

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Exactly. It is an adaptation of whisk. And fifth, a client has a family history of depression, develops symptoms after losing a job, continues to so isolate socially but has a strong family support. Which of the following is correctly matched? Job loss predisposing

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factor. Social isolation protective factor. Family support perpetuating factor. Family history predisposing factor. The answer is D. Family history predisposing factor. Okay. So has a family history of depression would be predisposing factor you know making you vulnerable. There are symptoms after

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losing a job. It triggered it. That would be perpetuating factor. See here. Oh, sorry. Precipitating factor. Sorry, precipitating factor, right?

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And continue to social social isolate socially. would be your perpetuating factor and then strong family support would be your protective factor. Okay. Okay. I have given the answers here as well for your reference. You can take a screenshot if you want. Now let's

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discuss the actual mock test given by site logic that you can attempt. So a link has been attached with the video.

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You can go and open that link and it will have fees like name and email address. That's it. You will not need any kind of test code as it is the first mock test. So enter your name, enter the

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email address, right? Okay. And then you'll get uh click on submit and then you'll get the question. Okay. You'll get 50 question with timer. Attempt those questions. See your results and gauge what you have understood, what you have learned, what you're not able to

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answer. It's okay. Go and revise that and be confident. And I hope that you understood this module properly. Okay.

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Now go and attend the mock test. So I hope to see you again for module 2. Till then bye-bye. Take care.

Topics:Clinical PsychologyCUET PGUGC NETPsychological AssessmentMental HealthClinical InterviewPsychological TestingCase FormulationTherapyEvidence-Based Practice

What is the difference between clinical psychology and abnormal psychology?

Abnormal psychology studies abnormal behavior, while clinical psychology applies that knowledge to assess, diagnose, and treat individuals.

Why is assessment considered the core function of clinical psychology?

Assessment is essential for gathering information through interviews, observations, and tests, enabling accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.

How do CUET PG and UGC NET exam questions differ in clinical psychology?

CUET PG questions are more direct and fact-based, focusing on definitions and authors, while UGC NET questions emphasize conceptual understanding and application.

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