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Hello friends! Are humans the only intelligent species in the universe? Or are there other intelligent beings somewhere?
Explore NASA's Voyager missions, their journey beyond the solar system, and the messages sent to potential alien civilizations.
Key Takeaways
- Voyager 1 and 2 are pioneering interstellar missions that have vastly expanded our understanding of the outer solar system.
- Gravity assist was crucial for the missions' success, enabling travel to multiple planets with minimal fuel.
- The spacecraft carry messages for potential alien civilizations, symbolizing humanity's desire to connect beyond Earth.
- Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators enable long-term power supply far from the Sun.
- Voyager missions continue to provide valuable scientific data and inspire both science and science fiction.
What the video covers
- NASA launched five interstellar spacecraft: Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and New Horizons, with only Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 reaching interstellar space.
- Voyager missions took advantage of a rare planetary alignment in the late 1970s to use gravity assist for efficient travel.
- Voyager 1 and 2 explored outer planets including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, capturing unprecedented photos and discovering new moons.
- Both spacecraft are powered by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators using plutonium decay, as solar power is ineffective beyond Mars and Jupiter.
- Voyager 1 is the farthest man-made object from Earth, currently over 24.7 billion kilometers away as of October 2024.
- The spacecraft carry scientific instruments for imaging, spectrometry, magnetometry, and radiation measurement.
- Voyager probes carry messages intended for extraterrestrial intelligence, including audio recordings, images, and diagrams about Earth and humanity.
- Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Uranus and Neptune, while Voyager 1 focused on Jupiter and Saturn, especially Titan.
- The missions have expanded knowledge about planetary rings, moons, and volcanic activity on Jupiter’s moon Io.
- The video also discusses the significance of the messages and the hope of establishing communication with alien civilizations.
Chapters
- 00:00Introduction: Are We Alone in the Universe?
- 01:09NASA’s Interstellar Spacecraft Overview
- 03:46Voyager Missions and Their Power Source
- 04:57Voyager Mission Objectives and Launch Details
- 05:50Exploration of Jupiter and Its Moons
- 11:29Scientific Instruments on Voyager Probes
- 18:33Messages for Aliens on Voyager Probes
- 24:33Voyager 1’s Journey Beyond the Solar System
Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown
Speaker A
If aliens really exist, then it is natural to think that perhaps aliens ask such questions too.
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If aliens really exist, then it is natural to think that perhaps aliens ask such questions too.
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Keeping this in mind, NASA has spearheaded many projects. To somehow send a message to the aliens.
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Are they alone in this universe? How can we establish communication between two intelligent species in our universe?
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In simple words, it was an interstellar mission. There are millions of solar systems in our Milky Way galaxy.
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Keeping this in mind, NASA has spearheaded many projects to somehow send a message to the aliens.
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They were the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and New Horizons. And only 2 of these 5 have been able to reach interstellar space because it takes an extremely long time to reach the interstellar space beyond our solar system.
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In 1977, NASA launched its Voyager 1 spacecraft with a clearly defined mission: to explore our solar system, including its outer planets, the edges of our Sun's effects, and even beyond that.
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Till date, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have gone near Uranus and Neptune.
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In simple words, it was an interstellar mission. There are millions of solar systems in our Milky Way galaxy.
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As of October 2024, it is 24.7 billion kilometres away from the earth. But the most interesting part about these two voyagers is that they are carrying messages for aliens.
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The space between these solar systems is known as interstellar space. To date, NASA has launched only five interstellar spacecraft.
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"We step out of our solar system, into the others." What is hidden in these messages?
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They were the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and New Horizons. And only two of these five have been able to reach interstellar space because it takes an extremely long time to reach the interstellar space beyond our solar system.
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Friends, in 1965, an engineer working at NASA noticed that the last four planets of our solar system, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, would be in a unique geometric arrangement during the late 1970s.
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The two that have reached this are very special: Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They went around exploring our solar system, giving us amazing photos of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
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This principle is called Gravity Assist. Using the mass of a planet or an object in space to change its speed and trajectory.
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To date, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have gone near Uranus and Neptune.
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And this is why the year 1977 was chosen to launch these two spacecraft. According to the mission, Voyager 1 had to fly by Jupiter and Saturn, especially focusing on Saturn's moon, Titan.
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And Voyager 1's journey has been so long that it has officially become the man-made object that went farthest from the Earth.
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Both were powered by 3 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators. They did not have solar panels. Because after crossing Mars and Jupiter solar energy becomes useless to a large extent.
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As of October 2024, it is 24.7 billion kilometres away from the Earth. But the most interesting part about these two voyagers is that they are carrying messages for aliens.
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While their mission was to fo beyond the solar system. That's why these devices are powered by the radioactive decay of the element plutonium.
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That is now travelling through space. These messages were sent with the hope that we might meet aliens someday, and through these messages, we can tell them something about us.
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Apart from this, both the space probes carry 10 scientific instruments. A two-camera imaging system to take pictures, a spectrometer to measure the abundance of hydrogen, another spectrometer to measure the ultraviolet activity in the space, a magnetometer to measure the magnetic fields of the planets,
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"We step out of our solar system, into the others." What is hidden in these messages?
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The interesting thing is that Voyager 2 was launched before Voyager 1. Voyager 2 was launched on 20th August, 1977.
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What message does NASA want to convey to aliens on behalf of humankind? Let's know the story of the Voyager missions in this video.
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Voyager 1's route was shorter and faster than Voyager 2's. So, Voyager 1 reached Jupiter first and in March 1979, it recorded this amazing time-lapse.
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Friends, in 1965, an engineer working at NASA noticed that the last four planets of our solar system—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—would be in a unique geometric arrangement during the late 1970s.
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Jupiter's rotation takes about 10 hours. This was the first time we could see such clear-cut photos of Jupiter and its moons.
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A unique arrangement, which occurs only once every 175 years. This arrangement meant that a spacecraft could be sent which could take advantage of the gravitational force of these four planets and pass near these four planets using relatively little fuel and time.
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But there are rings around Jupiter too. Although they are not clearly visible unless you are close to it.
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This principle is called gravity assist, using the mass of a planet or an object in space to change its speed and trajectory.
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The word 'Jovian' comes from the Roman god of sky and thunder, Jove. And Jove's other name is Jupiter, on which this planet was named.
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Based on this principle, NASA made plans for its Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 missions.
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Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. There are rings around all these planets, as well as multiple moons.
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And this is why the year 1977 was chosen to launch these two spacecraft. According to the mission, Voyager 1 had to fly by Jupiter and Saturn, especially focusing on Saturn's moon, Titan.
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Jupiter-like planets. During the exploration of this Jovian system, Voyager 1 discovered the ongoing volcanic activity of Jupiter's moon Io.
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And Voyager 2 had to pass by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The design of both the spacecraft was quite similar.
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But once Voyager 1 reached there, we found that there are two more moons. A few months later, on 9th July 1979, Voyager 2 reached Jupiter and it could get even closer to Jupiter.
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Both were powered by three Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators. They did not have solar panels because after crossing Mars and Jupiter, solar energy becomes useless to a large extent.
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But do you know what friends? We have discovered 95 different moons. That's right. 95 moons orbiting around Jupiter.
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At that distance, the sun's rays do not have sufficient energy so that solar energy could be obtained from it.
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Once it reached Saturn, Voyager 1 discovered 3 new moons Atlas, Prometheus, and Pandora. Pandora is the same name that the alien planet in the film Avatar was called.
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While their mission was to go beyond the solar system, that's why these devices are powered by the radioactive decay of the element plutonium.
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But by now, around 146 moons have been discovered. Voyager 1 has captured the photos of many moons, you can see some on the screen.
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When plutonium decays, heat is released. That heat can be converted into electricity. That's why it was named the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator.
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This is why many science fiction movies are based on it, where Titan is shown as a place that either has aliens, or where humans can live.
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Apart from this, both the space probes carry 10 scientific instruments: a two-camera imaging system to take pictures, a spectrometer to measure the abundance of hydrogen, another spectrometer to measure the ultraviolet activity in space, a magnetometer to measure the magnetic fields of the planets,
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Voyager 2 continues towards Uranus and Neptune. And becomes the first and only man-made object to fly-by near these planets.
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a high-gain antenna to communicate with the Earth, and some other small instruments to measure different levels of radiation.
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On the other hand, Voyager 1 changed its trajectory and left the Ecliptic Plane. If you don't know what an Ecliptic Plane is, it is an imaginary plane on which the planets of our solar system revolve around the sun in their respective orbits.
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The interesting thing is that Voyager 2 was launched before Voyager 1. Voyager 2 was launched on 20th August 1977.
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But Voyager 1 flies above and beyond this plane. Using gravity assist, Voyager 1's probe gets extremely fast.
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And 16 days later, on 5th September 1977, Voyager 1 was launched from NASA Kennedy Space Center.
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In this diagram you can see the rough estimates of the current location of Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.
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Voyager 1's route was shorter and faster than Voyager 2's. So, Voyager 1 reached Jupiter first, and in March 1979, it recorded this amazing time-lapse.
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The next month on Valentine's Day, on 14th February 1990, Voyager 1 took this famous photo.
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This is a time-lapse made with 66 different photos. Each photo was taken after Jupiter's one rotation period.
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In it, our Earth looks like a small blue dot. From this perspective, Voyager 1's camera took a selfie of our inner solar system.
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Jupiter's rotation takes about 10 hours. This was the first time we could see such clear-cut photos of Jupiter and its moons.
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If you are looking for Mercury and Mars, they are not visible in it because of the Sun's harsh reflection.
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And this is when we discovered Jupiter's rings. Many people think that only Saturn has rings around it.
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And it was too small to be visible in this photo. After taking these last few photos Voyager 1's cameras were shut down to save power and memory.
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But there are rings around Jupiter too, although they are not clearly visible unless you are close to it.
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Voyager 1 was moving straight ahead towards the darkness of interstellar space. After this, for years, there was no update from Voyager 1.
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Jupiter, its moons, and its rings—these three components together are called the Jovian system.
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Then, in 2004, it was said that Voyager 1 passed the Termination Shock. This is a point on the edge of our solar system where the solar wind decreases suddenly.
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The word 'Jovian' comes from the Roman god of sky and thunder, Jove. And Jove's other name is Jupiter, on which this planet was named.
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They form a bubble of sorts all around the solar system. This bubble is known as Heliosphere and this heliosphere protects us from interstellar radiation.
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Now the thing is, friends, three other planets in our solar system are like Jupiter.
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You can better understand it using this diagram. Closest to the Sun are all the planets.
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Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. There are rings around all these planets, as well as multiple moons.
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I talked about this in the video on Asteroids. The Termination Shock region begins somewhere here.
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These are gas giants. This is why these four planets are collectively called the Jovian planets.
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Based on the beliefs of many scientists, until Voyager 1 actually went there. On August 25, 2012, Voyager 1 left the Heliosphere and finally entered the Interstellar Space.
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Jupiter-like planets. During the exploration of this Jovian system, Voyager 1 discovered the ongoing volcanic activity of Jupiter's moon Io.
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A sort of a diffusion region with no clear-cut boundary. But think about it, friends.
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This was the first time humans had seen active volcanoes on another planet. Before Voyager 1 reached Jupiter, we thought that Jupiter had 13 moons.
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NASA took 8 months to confirm this. They double-checked and rechecked the data for many years.
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But once Voyager 1 reached there, we found that there are two more moons. A few months later, on 9th July 1979, Voyager 2 reached Jupiter, and it could get even closer to Jupiter.
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It is only with data science, that we can make advances in the field of space exploration.
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Once it got closer, we discovered another moon near Jupiter. Because of the discoveries of these Voyager missions, the number of Jupiter's moons increased from 13 to 16.
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But do you know what, friends? We have discovered 95 different moons. That's right—95 moons orbiting around Jupiter.
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About 1.5 years later, on 12th November 1980, Voyager 1 reached near Saturn. By this time, Voyager 1's speed had increased much more than Voyager 2's, so it took nine more months for Voyager 2 to reach Saturn.
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Once it reached Saturn, Voyager 1 discovered three new moons: Atlas, Prometheus, and Pandora. Pandora is the same name that the alien planet in the film Avatar was called.
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But in reality, it is the name of one of Saturn's moons. At that time, there were about 15 known moons of Saturn.
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And now, let's get back to our topic. An interesting question arises here. How did we find out that Voyager 1 crossed this boundary?
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But by now, around 146 moons have been discovered. Voyager 1 has captured photos of many moons; you can see some on the screen.
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Because of this eruption, the electrons near Voyager 1 began vibrating. Researchers noticed that the electron density near Voyager 1 was very high compared to the Heliosphere.
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Among them, perhaps the most interesting is the moon Titan. Apart from the Earth, this is the only object in our solar system where we have clear evidence of the existence of a lot of water in liquid state.
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How can electron density be higher outside the solar system than inside the solar system?
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This is why many science fiction movies are based on it, where Titan is shown as a place that either has aliens or where humans can live.
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When Voyager 1 was in Heliopause, the electron density was very low. And as soon as it reached the interstellar space, there was a sudden spike.
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"Titan can become our home." After crossing Saturn, the paths of Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 diverge.
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And the spike in electron density after the Heliopause was due to interstellar wind. We could find out all of these with the help of this high-gain antenna.
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Voyager 2 continues towards Uranus and Neptune and becomes the first and only man-made object to fly by near these planets.
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These deep space network stations are absolute marvels in their own right. They are present in three locations all across the world.
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It passed by Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. And we get these marvelous photos.
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If you watch my vlog channel, you might remember when we went on a tour of this deep space network station in Australia.
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On the other hand, Voyager 1 changed its trajectory and left the ecliptic plane. If you don't know what an ecliptic plane is, it is an imaginary plane on which the planets of our solar system revolve around the sun in their respective orbits.
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And then, they confirmed that the date was 25th August 2012. And coincidentally, it was the same day when Neil Armstrong, the first human to set foot on the moon, passed away.
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If you look at it in three dimensions, the plane looks like this. The orbits of the planets may differ by a few degrees, but they look almost like a flat plane.
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They are the only 2 space probes to have achieved this till now. And both of them are carrying messages for aliens.
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But Voyager 1 flies above and beyond this plane. Using gravity assist, Voyager 1's probe gets extremely fast.
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Before them, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 tried doing this. Actually, the messages carried by the Voyagers for the aliens were sent before on Pioneers 10 and 11.
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Today, it is flying across space at the speed of more t
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Pioneer plaque is a small gold anodized aluminium plate used on the Pioneers 10 and 11 spacecraft.
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The message written on it will tell the aliens about our planet Earth. NASA has called it 'a mark of man.' This plate is only 15 cm by 23 cm and has 5 engraved diagrams.
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It has information about our location in our galaxy. The radial diagram in the middle is actually a map.
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On this map, the position of the Sun is shown in relation to 14 Pulsars.
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Pulsars are degenerated stars which rotate rapidly and emit regular pulses. Basically, to understand this map, the existing intelligence level of a race should be such that they already know the basics.
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At the bottom of the plaque are the planets of our solar system, with the Sun on the far left, and then the planets based on their distance from the Sun.
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They engraved an arrow pointing to the third planet. To show the planet from where the spacecraft came.
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In the middle right, there's even a silhouette of the spacecraft. Additionally, you can also see the drawings of a man and a woman.
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Basically, it is an attempt to show how humans look like, the ones who made this spacecraft.
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NASA has said that this interstellar slab shows that the human race possesses a spiritual insight that takes it beyond the material problems of development.
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Broadly speaking, this is quite a basic sheet. Aliens won't get a vast wealth of knowledge just by decoding it.
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That is why the information sent on the Voyager missions were much more detailed. The messages sent with the Voyagers are actually 12-inch gold-plated copper discs and phonograph records.
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They carry voices as well as images. There are two such records carried by both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.
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Let's look at them in a bit more detail. The phonograph, also know as the gramophone, looks like this.
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These are flat discs that can store sounds. These were very popular at one point in time, especially during the 1970s when the Voyagers were built.
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On these discs, there are grooves arranged in a spiral pattern. Sound waves are encoded on it.
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When a needle is run along these grooves, it produces vibrations, which then reachs the sound box.
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There it meets a membrane that starts vibrating with it. Making it possible for you to hear the recorded sound waves once more.
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Often these sound waves are amplified using a horn to hear it loudly and clearly.
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Today we have turntables and record players that apply this concept. But the technology is different.
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Today, the vibrations produced by the needle are first converted into electrical signals and then the sound is amplified.
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While a phonograph doesn't do it. The records sent on the Voyagers have been name the Golden Record.
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The contents of this record have been divided into four sections. The first section is 'Scenes from Earth.' It contains 115 images and diagrams providing information about our planet and the species on it.
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In includes basic mathematical, chemical, and physical definitions as well. The second section is 'Greetings from Earth.' Greetings spoken by humans in 55 languages.
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It also carries printed messages by the then American President Jimmy Carter and the then Secretary General of the United Nations Kurt Waldheim.
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Of course, to understand these messages, the aliens would need to know English first. The third section is 'Music from Earth.' It contains musical selections from different cultures and eras on Earth.
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There are 28 audio recordings of Eastern and Western classical music including an Indian song based on Raag Bhairavi, 'Jaat Kahan Ho,' sung by Surshri Kesarbai Kerkar The fourth section is 'Sounds of Earth,' where the natural sounds from Earth can be heard.
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It contains 21 audio recordings, of human activities, machines, and natural phenomena. Like this. Obviously, if aliens are to hear these sounds, they would need to know how to operate this phonograph.
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And so NASA's scientists added the instructions in the box. The good news is that these instructions aren't in English or Hindi because obviously, what are the chances that aliens will understand our language?
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And the bad news is that these instructions have been depicted in the form of diagrams.
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But why am I saying that its bad news? Because, just look at this diagram.
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Forget about the aliens. Take a moment and look at these instructions and diagrams, can you understand how to operate a phonograph machine?
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In my opinion, a whopping 90% of the people won't be able to understand these instructions.
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So how can we expect aliens to understand how to operate this machine by looking at these diagrams?
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You can see the English translation of these diagrams on the screen to understand what the diagram is supposed to mean.
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Operating a phonograph isn't very difficult. Aliens will need to understand how to take the disk, place it on the box and place the needle on it.
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The more difficult task would be to actually see these photos. The photos that you saw; the ones present in this golden record, in 1977, there wasn't any technology that could store images on analog disks in formats like JPEG.
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Voyagers' computer systems could store only 69 KB of data. 69 KB is only 0.07 MB.
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That's not enough for a single image. And to store 115 images within it, is unimaginable.
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That's why NASA came up with a new way to include image data on these disks.
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They projected these photos on a screen, recorded them with a television camera, and converted the video signals into audio waveforms.
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And these photos are actually stored in audio form on these disks. So, if the aliens want to see them, they will have to reverse the process for that.
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The data stored as audio will need to be converted back into an image. How?
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The instructions are on the interstellar envelope. See if you understand them. This technology is so technical and complicated that the explanation will need a separate video.
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So, let's move on from decoding it. Let me show you the information contained in Golden Record.
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Once the 115 pictures are decoded, this will be the first picture. A white calibration circle.
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A simple black and white drawing that does two things. First, it represents the shape of the record and it is also a signal that the decoding was done properly.
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Then they will see the photos of basic mathematical concepts, physical units, quantities, definitions, etc.
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Then there are 2 diagrams of the solar system parameters which show the sun and the nine planets including Pluto.
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After this diagram, they will see the individual photos of many objects from our solar system.
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Mercury, Mars, Earth, and Jupiter. Some images even include explanatory symbols like mathematical definitions or chemical formulas.
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For example, this photograph titled 'Egypt, Red Sea, Sinai Peninsula, and the Nile.' It also mentions the composition of Earth's atmosphere.
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The tag above the image shows that nitrogen content in our atmosphere is at 78%.
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N2 78/100. It includes some models of chemical elements too. Like hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
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These chemical elements, represent the fundamental blocks of life. There are two images of the DNA structures, explaining the transmission of genetic information.
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Something that's common in all living beings. This picture shows cells and their division in microscopic details.
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After this, the next 20 images show human life. Some images show human capabilities too.
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How our mouth is used for licking, eating, and drinking. Additionally, they included photos of the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal.
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Interestingly, none of the images show the negative aspects of humans. No conflict, World War or anything akin to war has been mentioned.
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The images paint a hopeful and positive side of humanity. The ideal version of humanity.
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As explained by Sagan in his 1978 book, Murmers of Earth: the Voyager Interstellar Record.
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The biggest question here is, will any Voyager spacecraft ever reach an alien? And even if it reaches an alien species, will that alien species have the intelligence level to decode this record or not?
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What do you think? Let me know in the comments below. For now, the Voyager 1 spacecraft is moving at a speed of 61,198 km per hour.
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Approximately 25 billion kilometres from Earth. In the depths of interstellar space. Unfortunately, it's not going to function for long.
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Its power supply is gradually depleting. Scientists estimate that in 2025, its power supply might be entirely depleted.
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This might severe our communication, but the golden record in it might be preserved forever.
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Scalar's link is in the description below. And if you like this video, I have made another video on aliens before this.
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On Area 51. What is the secret of Area 51? You can click here to watch it.
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Thank you very much!
Topics:NASAVoyager missionsinterstellar spacealiensextraterrestrial communicationgravity assistouter planetsspace explorationRadioisotope Thermoelectric Generatorspace probes
