Законы РФ - Конституция РФ | Аудиокнига

Audio reading of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with amendments and explanations of key articles and principles.

Key Takeaways

The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the supreme legal document governing the country.
Russia is a federative state composed of equal federal subjects with their own constitutions or charters.
Human rights and freedoms are recognized as the highest value and protected by the state.
State power is divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with checks and balances.
The people exercise sovereignty directly and through elected bodies, with free elections and referenda as key expressions.

What the video covers

The video is an audiobook reading of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, including amendments up to 2004.
It covers the fundamental constitutional principles such as sovereignty, federal structure, and human rights.
The Constitution establishes Russia as a democratic federative law-based state with a republican form of government.
Key articles discussed include the rights and freedoms of citizens, the structure of the federation, and the separation of powers.
The video explains the equality of different federal subjects including republics, krais, oblasts, and autonomous okrugs.
It highlights the supremacy of the Constitution and federal laws throughout the Russian Federation.
The role of the people as the source of sovereignty and the mechanisms of exercising power through elections and referenda are emphasized.
The separation of religion and state and the protection of religious associations are outlined.
The video includes references to rulings by the Constitutional Court clarifying constitutional provisions.
It also covers the organization of federal and local government bodies and their powers.

Chapters

What is the supreme legal authority in the Russian Federation?

The Constitution of the Russian Federation holds supreme legal force and applies directly throughout the entire territory of Russia.

How is sovereignty exercised in Russia according to the Constitution?

Sovereignty belongs to the multinational people of Russia, who exercise power directly and through elected state and local government bodies, including referenda and free elections.

Are religious associations part of the state in Russia?

No, religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law, with no religion established as a state or mandatory religion.

Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown

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Listen to and download audiobooks for free at aiaudiobuxs.org. As amended by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of January 9, 1996, No. 20; of February 10, 1996, No. 173; of June 9, 2001, No. 679; of July 25, 2003, No. 841; and by Federal Constitutional Law of March 25, 2004, No. 1.

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841; and by Federal Constitutional Law of March 25, 2004, No. 1. We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, asserting human rights and freedoms, civil peace and accord, preserving the historically established

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We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, asserting human rights and freedoms, civil peace and accord, preserving the historically established state unity, proceeding from the universally recognized principles of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, honoring the memory of our ancestors who bequeathed to us love and respect for our Fatherland, faith in good and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting the immutability of its democratic foundation, striving to ensure the well-being and prosperity of Russia, proceeding from the responsibility for our Fatherland before present and future generations, and acknowledging ourselves to be a part of the world community, do hereby adopt the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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asserting the immutability of its democratic foundation, striving to ensure the well-being and prosperity of Russia, proceeding from the responsibility for our Fatherland before present and future generations, and acknowledging ourselves to be a part of the world community, do hereby

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Section One. Chapter One. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System. Article 1. The Russian Federation. Russia is a democratic federative law-based state with a republican form of government.

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shall be equivalent. Article Two. A person, their rights and freedoms are the supreme value. Recognition, observance, and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

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Two. The names Russian Federation and Russia shall be equivalent.

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Two. The people shall exercise their power directly, as well as through state power bodies and local self-government bodies. Three. The supreme direct expression of the power of the people shall be the referendum and free elections. Four. No one may

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Article Two. A person, their rights and freedoms are the supreme value. Recognition, observance, and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is the obligation of the state.

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Two. The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws shall have supremacy throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

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Article 3, 1. The bearer of sovereignty and the sole source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people.

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republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, which are equal subjects of the Russian Federation. Two. A republic is a state and has its own constitution and legislation. A krai, oblast, city of federal significance, or autonomous

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Two. The people shall exercise their power directly, as well as through state power bodies and local self-government bodies.

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between bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, and the equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation. Four. In relations with federal bodies of state power, all

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Three. The supreme direct expression of the power of the people shall be the referendum and free elections.

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possesses all rights and freedoms on its territory and bears equal duties as provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Three. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deprived of their citizenship or the right to change it. Article 7, 1. The

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Four. No one may usurp power in the Russian Federation. The seizure of power or the usurpation of official powers shall be prosecuted under federal law.

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and state support for families, maternity, paternity, childhood, disabled, and elderly citizens is provided. A system of social services is being developed, and state pensions, benefits, and other social security guarantees are established. Article 8, 1. In the Russian Federation, the unity

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Article 4, 1. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation shall extend to its entire territory.

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In the Russian Federation, private, state, municipal, and other forms of property are recognized and protected equally. Article nine. Land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis for the life and activity of

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Two. The Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws shall have supremacy throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

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judicial branches. The bodies of legislative, executive, and judicial power are independent. Regarding the application of certain provisions of Article 11, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 6, 2001, No. 250 , Article 11, 1. State power in the

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Three. The Russian Federation shall ensure the integrity and inviolability of its territory. On the application of certain provisions of Article 5, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of December 6, 2001, No. 250.

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State power in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is exercised by the state authorities formed by them . Three. The delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of

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Article 5, 1. The Russian Federation consists of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, which are equal subjects of the Russian Federation.

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ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 11, 1999 , Year, No. 104, Article 12. In the Russian Federation, local self-government is recognized and guaranteed. Local self-government is independent within the limits of its powers. Local self-government bodies

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Two. A republic is a state and has its own constitution and legislation. A krai, oblast, city of federal significance, or autonomous oblast, or an autonomous okrug has its own charter and legislation.

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multi-party system are recognized. Four . Public associations are equal before the law. Five. The creation and activities of public associations whose goals or actions are aimed at the violent change of the foundations of the constitutional order, the violation

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Three. The federative structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity and the unity of the system of state power, the delineation of items of jurisdiction and powers between bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, and the equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation.

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state. No religion may be established as a state or mandatory one. Two. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law. Article 15. 1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has supreme legal force, direct effect, and applies

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Four. In relations with federal bodies of state power, all subjects of the Russian Federation are equal among themselves.

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Two. State authorities, local self-government bodies, officials, citizens, and their associations are obligated to observe the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the laws.

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Article 6, 1. Citizenship of the Russian Federation is acquired and terminated in accordance with federal law, and is unified and equal regardless of the grounds for acquisition.

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norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are an integral part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules other than those provided by law, the rules of the international treaty shall apply.

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Two. Every citizen of the Russian Federation possesses all rights and freedoms on its territory and bears equal duties as provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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No other provisions of this Constitution may contradict the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation.

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Three. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deprived of their citizenship or the right to change it.

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accordance with this Constitution. Two. Fundamental human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. Three. The exercise of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen must not violate the rights and freedoms of others. Article 18. The

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Article 7, 1. The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free development for the individual.

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equal before the law and the court. Two . The state guarantees the equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property, and official status. Place of residence, attitude toward religion, convictions,

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Two. In the Russian Federation, labor and human health are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, and state support for families, maternity, paternity, childhood, disabled, and elderly citizens is provided. A system of social services is being developed, and state pensions, benefits, and other social security guarantees are established.

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equal opportunities for their realization. Article 20. Everyone has the right to life. Two. The death penalty, until its abolition, may be established by federal law as an exceptional punishment for particularly grave crimes against life, provided the accused has the right to a trial by

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Article 8, 1. In the Russian Federation, the unity of the economic space, the free movement of goods, services, and financial resources, the support of competition, and the freedom of economic activity are guaranteed.

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medical, scientific, or other experiments without voluntary consent. Article 22. One. Everyone has the right to freedom and personal integrity. Two.

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Two. In the Russian Federation, private, state, municipal, and other forms of property are recognized and protected equally.

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their honor and good name. 2. Everyone has the right to the privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations , postal, telegraph, and other communications. Limitation of this right is permitted only on the basis of a court decision. Article 24. 1. The

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Article 9. Land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis for the life and activity of the peoples residing on the corresponding territory.

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materials directly affecting their rights and freedoms, unless otherwise provided by law. Article 25. The home is inviolable. No one has the right to enter a home against the will of those residing in it, except in cases established by federal law or on the

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Two. Land and other natural resources may be in private, state, municipal, and other forms of ownership.

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has the right to determine and indicate their national affiliation. No one may be compelled to determine or indicate their national affiliation. 2. Everyone has the right to use their native language and to freely choose their language of communication, education,

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Article 10. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of separation into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The bodies of legislative, executive, and judicial power are independent. Regarding the application of certain provisions of Article 11, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 6, 2001, No. 250.

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Everyone may freely leave the Russian Federation. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to return to the Russian Federation without hindrance. Article 28. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience and freedom of religion, including the right to profess, individually or

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Article 11, 1. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the courts of the Russian Federation.

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Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech. 2. Propaganda or agitation inciting social, racial, national, or religious hatred and enmity is not permitted. Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious, or linguistic superiority is prohibited. 3 . No one may be compelled to express

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Two. State power in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is exercised by the state authorities formed by them.

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Freedom of mass information is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited. Article 30. 1. Everyone has the right to associate, including the right to create trade unions to protect their interests. The freedom of activity of public associations is guaranteed. 2.

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Three. The delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is determined by this Constitution, federal and other treaties on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers. On the refusal to accept for consideration a request for the interpretation of the provisions of Article 12, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 11, 1999, No. 104.

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Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of state affairs, both directly and through their representatives. Two. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to vote and be elected to government bodies and local self-government bodies

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Article 12. In the Russian Federation, local self-government is recognized and guaranteed. Local self-government is independent within the limits of its powers. Local self-government bodies are not part of the system of state authorities.

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Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to the public service. Five. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of justice. Article 33. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to appeal personally, as well as to send

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Article 13, 1. In the Russian Federation, ideological diversity is recognized.

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Economic activity aimed at monopolization and unfair competition is not permitted. Article 35. One, the right of private property is protected by law. Two. Everyone has the right to have property in ownership, to possess, use, and dispose of it, both

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Two. No ideology may be established as a state or mandatory one.

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Compulsory alienation of property for state needs may be performed only subject to prior and equivalent compensation. Four. The right of inheritance is guaranteed. Article 36.

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Three. In the Russian Federation, political diversity and the multi-party system are recognized.

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the rights and interests of others. Three. The conditions and procedures for land use are determined on the basis of federal law. Article 37. One, labor is free. Everyone has the right to freely dispose of their labor abilities, to choose the type of

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Four. Public associations are equal before the law.

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protection against unemployment. Four. The right to individual and collective labor disputes is recognized, using methods of resolution established by federal law, including the right to strike. Five. Everyone has the right to rest. Those working under an employment contract are guaranteed the working

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Five. The creation and activities of public associations whose goals or actions are aimed at the violent change of the foundations of the constitutional order, the violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation, the undermining of state security, the creation of armed formations, or the incitement of social, racial, national, or religious discord are prohibited.

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Motherhood, childhood, and the family are under the protection of the state. Two. The care of children and their upbringing is the equal right and duty of parents. Three. Able-bodied children who have reached the age of 18 must care for disabled parents. Article 39.

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Article 14, One. The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion may be established as a state or mandatory one.

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State pensions and social benefits are established by law. Three. Voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social security, and charity are encouraged. Article 40.1. Everyone has the right to housing . No one may be arbitrarily deprived of

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Two. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law.

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provided free of charge or at an affordable cost from state, municipal, and other housing stocks in accordance with established legal standards.

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Article 15, 1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has supreme legal force, direct effect, and applies throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Laws and other legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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Insurance contributions, and other receipts. Two. In the Russian Federation, federal programs for the protection and improvement of public health are financed. Measures are taken to develop the state, municipal.

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Two. State authorities, local self-government bodies, officials, citizens, and their associations are obligated to observe the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the laws.

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with federal law. Article 42. Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition, and compensation for damage caused to their health or property by environmental violations.

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Three. Laws are subject to official publication.

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competitive basis free of charge in a state or municipal educational institution or enterprise. Four. Basic general education is mandatory. Parents or their legal guardians ensure that children receive basic general education. Five. The Russian Federation establishes federal state educational

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standards and supports various forms of education and self-education. Article 44. One. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, technical, and other types of creative activity, as well as teaching.

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Intellectual property is protected by law. Two. Everyone has the right to participate in cultural life, use cultural institutions, and have access to cultural assets. Three. Everyone is obliged to care for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage and to

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protect monuments of history and culture. Article 45.1. State protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation is guaranteed . Two. Everyone has the right to protect their rights and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law.

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Article 46. One. Everyone is guaranteed judicial protection of their rights and freedoms. Two. Decisions, actions, or inaction by state authorities, local self-government bodies, public associations, and officials may be appealed to a court. Regarding the refusal to accept for consideration an

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appeal on the interpretation of Part 3 of Article 46, see the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of April 18, 2000. Three.

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Everyone has the right, in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, to appeal to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms if all available domestic legal remedies have been exhausted. Article 47, 1. No one

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may be deprived of the right to have their case heard in the court and by the judge to whose jurisdiction it is assigned by law. Two. An accused person has the right to have their case heard by a jury in cases provided for by

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federal law. Article 48. 1. Everyone is guaranteed the right to receive qualified legal assistance. In cases provided for by law, legal assistance shall be provided free of charge. Two.

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Every person detained, taken into custody, or charged with a crime has the right to use the assistance of a defense attorney from the moment of their detention, arrest, or charge, respectively. Article 49. One. Every person charged with a crime is presumed

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innocent until their guilt is proven in the manner prescribed by federal law and established by a final court verdict. Two. The accused is not required to prove their innocence.

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Three. Any irremovable doubts about a person's guilt shall be interpreted in favor of the accused. Article 50. No one may be convicted twice for the same crime. Two. In the administration of justice, it is prohibited to use evidence obtained in violation of

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federal law. Everyone convicted of a crime has the right to have their verdict reviewed by a higher court as established by federal law, as well as the right to request a pardon or commutation of sentence. Article 51.

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One. No one is required to testify against themselves, their spouse, or close relatives, the scope of which is defined by federal law. Two. Federal law may establish other cases where there is an exemption from the duty to give testimony. Article 52. The rights

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of victims of crimes and abuses of power are protected by law. The state ensures that victims have access to justice and compensation for damages caused. Article 53. Everyone has the right to compensation by the state for damage caused by unlawful actions or

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inaction of public authorities or their officials. Article 54. 1. A law that establishes or aggravates liability shall not have retroactive effect. Two.

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No one may be held liable for an act that, at the time of its commission, was not considered an offense. If, after an offense is committed, liability for it is eliminated or mitigated, the new law shall apply.

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Article 55. 1. The enumeration in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of fundamental rights and freedoms shall not be construed as a denial or disparagement of other universally recognized human and civil rights and freedoms. Two. No laws shall be enacted

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in the Russian Federation that abolish or diminish human and civil rights and freedoms. Human and civil rights and freedoms may be limited by federal law only to the extent necessary to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, morality, health, the rights and

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legitimate interests of others, and to ensure the country's defense and state security. Article 56, 1. Under a state of emergency, to ensure the safety of citizens and protect the constitutional order, certain restrictions on rights and freedoms may be established in

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accordance with a federal constitutional law, with the limits and duration of their application specified . Two. A state of emergency may be introduced throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual regions in the presence of circumstances and in the

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manner established by federal constitutional law. Three. Rights and freedoms provided for by Articles 20, 21, 23 part one, 24, 28, part one of 40 , part one of 46, and 54 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are not subject to restriction. Article

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57. Everyone is obliged to pay legally established taxes and fees. Laws establishing new taxes or worsening the position of taxpayers do not have retroactive effect. Article 58.

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Everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, and treat natural resources with care. Article 59. One.

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Defense of the Fatherland is a duty and obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Two. A citizen of the Russian Federation performs military service in accordance with federal law.

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Three. A citizen of the Russian Federation, in the event that their convictions or religious belief contradict military service, as well as in other cases established by federal law, has the right to have it replaced with alternative civilian service.

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Article 60. A citizen of the Russian Federation can independently exercise their rights and duties in full from the age of 18. Article 61. One. A citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deported outside the Russian Federation or extradited to another

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state. Two. The Russian Federation guarantees its citizens protection and patronage outside its borders. Article 62. One. A citizen of the Russian Federation may have the citizenship of a foreign state, dual citizenship, in accordance with federal law or an

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international treaty of the Russian Federation. Two. Possession of foreign citizenship by a citizen of the Russian Federation does not diminish their rights and freedoms or release them from duties arising from Russian citizenship, unless otherwise provided by federal law or an international

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treaty of the Russian Federation. Three . Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy rights and bear obligations in the Russian Federation on an equal basis with citizens of the Russian Federation, except in cases established by federal law or an

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international treaty of the Russian Federation. Article 63. The Russian Federation grants political asylum to foreign citizens and stateless persons in accordance with universally recognized norms of international law.

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Two. In the Russian Federation, the extradition to other states of persons persecuted for political beliefs, as well as for actions or inactions not recognized as a crime in the Russian Federation, is not permitted.

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Extradition of persons accused of committing a crime, as well as the transfer of convicted persons to serve sentences in other states, are carried out on the basis of federal law or an international treaty of the Russian Federation. Article 64. The provisions

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of this chapter constitute the foundations of the legal status of the individual in the Russian Federation and cannot be changed otherwise than in the order established by this Constitution. Chapter Three. The Federal Structure. Article 65. Federal Constitutional Law No. 1 of March 25,

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2004, established that a new subject of the Russian Federation, Perm Krai, would be formed as of December 1, 2005.

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As a result of the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, Article 1, which cease to exist as constituent entities of the Russian Federation from December 1, 2005, Article 4. Part one of Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian

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Federation is given as amended by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 9, 1996 No. 20 of February 10, 1996 No. 173 of June 9, 2001, No. 679 of July 25, 2003, No. 841 . 1. The Russian Federation consists of

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constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Republic of Adygea, Republic of Altai, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic. Mari El Republic, Republic of Mordovia. Sakha (

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Yakutia) Republic. Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Tatarstan, Tuva, Udmurt Republic, Republic of Khakassia, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic—Chuvashia, Altai Krai, Krasnodar Krai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Stavropol Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Bryansk Oblast,

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Vladimir Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Ivanovo Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Kostroma Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Lipetsk Oblast, Magadan Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Novgorod Oblast,

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Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Oryol Oblast, Penza Oblast, Perm Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Rostov Oblast, Ryazan Oblast, Samara Oblast, Saratov Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Smolensk Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Tver Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tula Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Chita Oblast,

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Yaroslavl Oblast, Moscow, Saint Petersburg—cities of federal significance, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, Koryak Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Taymyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug, Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—Yugra, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Evenk Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

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2. The admission to the Russian Federation and the formation of a new constituent entity within it shall be carried out in the manner established by a Federal Constitutional Law.

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Article 66 1. The status of a republic is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the republic. 2. The status of a krai, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast , or autonomous okrug is determined by

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the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the charter of the krai, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast, or autonomous okrug, adopted by the legislative ( representative) body of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation. 3. Upon the

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submission of the legislative and executive bodies of an autonomous oblast or autonomous okrug, a federal law on the autonomous oblast or autonomous okrug may be adopted. On the interpretation of part four of Article 66 of the Constitution of the Russian

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Federation. See the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated July 14, 1997, No. 12- P. 4. Relations between autonomous okrugs that are part of a krai or oblast may be regulated by federal law and an agreement between the state

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authorities of the autonomous okrug and , accordingly, the state authorities of the krai or oblast. Five. The status of a subject of the Russian Federation may be changed by mutual consent of the Russian Federation and the subject of

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the Russian Federation in accordance with a federal constitutional law. Article 67. 1. The territory of the Russian Federation includes the territories of its subjects, internal waters, the territorial sea, and the airspace above them. Two. The Russian Federation possesses sovereign rights.

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And exercises jurisdiction on the continental shelf and within the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation in the manner determined by federal law and the norms of international law. Three. Borders between subjects of the Russian Federation may be changed by their

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mutual consent. Article 68. 1. The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its entire territory is Russian. Two. Republics have the right to establish their own state languages. In the state authorities, local government bodies, and state institutions of the republics

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, they are used alongside the state language of the Russian Federation. Three. The Russian Federation guarantees all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and the creation of conditions for its study and development. Article 69. The

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Russian Federation guarantees the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

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Article 70. The state flag, emblem, and anthem of the Russian Federation, their description and the procedure for their official use, are established by a federal constitutional law. Two. The capital of the Russian Federation is the city of Moscow. The status of the

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capital is established by federal law. Regarding the application of certain provisions of Article 70, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated December 6, 2001, No. 250, Article 70. Within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation are: a) the

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adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, and oversight of their observance; b) the federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation; c) the regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; and citizenship in the

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Russian Federation. Regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities. On the interpretation of point "c" of Article 71 of the Constitution. of the RF. See the resolution of the Constitutional Court of the RF of January 27, 1999. Year,

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No. 2-P: establishment of the system of federal legislative, executive, and judicial bodies, the procedure for their organization and activities, and the formation of federal state authorities; d) federal property and its management. e) Establishment of the foundations of federal policy and

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federal programs in the field of state, economic, ecological, social, cultural, and national development of the Russian Federation; f) establishment of the legal foundations for a unified market: financial, currency, credit, and customs regulation, monetary emission, foundations of pricing policy, and

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federal economic services, including federal banks. g) The federal budget, federal taxes and fees, federal regional development funds; h) federal energy systems, nuclear energy, fissile materials; i) federal transport, railways, information, and communications; j) activities in space; k) foreign policy and international

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relations of the Russian Federation, and international treaties of the Russian Federation. Questions of war and peace. l) External economic relations of the Russian Federation.

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Defense and security. Defense production. Determining the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment, and other military property. Production of toxic substances, narcotic drugs, and the procedure for their use. On determining the status and protection

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of the state border. Territorial sea, airspace, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf of the Russian Federation, judicial system, public prosecutor's office, criminal, criminal procedure, and criminal executive legislation. Amnesty and pardon; civil, civil procedure, and arbitration procedure legislation; legal regulation

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of intellectual property; federal conflict of laws; meteorological service; standards, benchmarks, metric system, and time reckoning; geodesy and cartography; naming of geographical objects; official statistical and accounting records; state awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation; federal civil service.

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Regarding the application of certain provisions of Article 72, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 6, 2001, No. 250, Article 72, 1. The following fall under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation

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and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: a) ensuring that the constitutions and laws of republics , as well as the charters, laws, and other normative legal acts of krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance , the autonomous oblast, and autonomous

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okrugs, comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws . Protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; protection of the rights of national minorities; ensuring legality, law and order, and public safety; border zone regimes; issues of

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ownership, use, and disposal of land, subsoil, water, and other natural resources; delimitation of state property; nature management, environmental protection, and ensuring ecological safety; specially protected natural territories; protection of historical and cultural monuments. E) General issues of upbringing, education

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, science, culture, physical culture, and sports. Coordination of healthcare issues, protection of the family, motherhood, fatherhood, and childhood, social protection, including social security; implementation of measures to combat catastrophes, natural disasters, and epidemics, and the elimination of their consequences; establishment of

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general principles for taxation and fees in the Russian Federation; administrative, administrative procedure, labor, family, housing, land , water, and forest legislation, legislation on subsoil and environmental protection; personnel for judicial and law enforcement agencies; the bar, notaries; protection of the

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ancestral habitat and traditional way of life of small ethnic communities. On the refusal to accept for consideration a request for the interpretation of item "a" of part one of Article 72, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of February 4

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, 1997, No. 14. Establishment of general principles for the organization of the system of state power bodies and local self-government, coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and fulfillment of international treaties

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of the Russian Federation. The two provisions of this article equally apply to republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, the autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs. Regarding the application of specific provisions of Article 73, see the rulings of the Constitutional Court

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of the Russian Federation of December 6 , 2001, No. 250-O. Outside the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on matters of joint jurisdiction, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation possess full state power. Article 74, Clause 1.

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Within the territory of the Russian Federation, the establishment of customs borders, duties, levies, or any other obstacles to the free movement of goods, services, and financial resources is prohibited. Two.

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Restrictions on the movement of goods and services may be introduced in accordance with federal law if necessary to ensure security, protect human life and health, and preserve nature and cultural values. Article 75.

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1. The monetary unit in the Russian Federation is the ruble. Monetary emission is carried out exclusively by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The introduction and issuance of other currencies in the Russian Federation are not permitted.

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Two. The protection and ensuring of the stability of the ruble. This is the primary function of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which it performs independently of other state authorities. Three. The system of taxes levied for the federal budget and the

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general principles of taxation and levies in the Russian Federation are established by federal law. Four. State loans are issued in the manner determined by federal law and are placed on a voluntary basis. Regarding the application of specific provisions

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of Article 76, see: The rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 6, 2001, No. 250 -O. Article 76. For the interpretation of Part 1 of Article 76 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, see the ruling of the Constitutional

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Court of the Russian Federation of January 27, 1999. No. 2-P. On matters within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws and federal laws are adopted, which have direct effect throughout the territory of the Russian Federation.

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Two. On matters of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, federal laws are issued, along with laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities adopted in accordance with them. Three.

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Federal laws may not contradict federal constitutional laws. Regarding the refusal to accept for consideration a request for the interpretation of Part 4 of Article 76, see: The ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2003, No.

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452-O. 4. Outside the scope of the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, autonomous oblasts, and autonomous okrugs exercise their own

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legal regulation, including the adoption of laws and other regulatory legal acts. Five. Laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may not contradict federal laws adopted in accordance with Parts 1 and 2 of this Article. In the event of

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a contradiction between a federal law and another act issued in the Russian Federation, the federal law shall prevail. Regarding the refusal to accept for consideration a request for the interpretation of Part 6 of Article 76, see: The ruling of the

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Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2003, No. 452-O. 6. In the event of a contradiction between a federal law and a regulatory legal act of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation issued in accordance with Part 4 of this

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Article, the regulatory legal act of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation shall prevail. Regarding the application of specific provisions of Article 77, see: Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated December 6, 21 Year number 250, Article

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77, 1. The system of state power bodies of republics, territories, regions, federal cities, the autonomous region, and autonomous districts is established by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation independently in accordance with the foundations of the constitutional order and the general

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principles of organizing representative and executive bodies of state power established by federal law. Two. Within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation regarding matters of joint jurisdiction, federal executive bodies and executive bodies of the

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constituent entities form a unified system of executive power in the Russian Federation. Regarding the application of certain provisions of Article 78, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated December 6, 2001, number 250, Article 78, 1. Federal executive bodies may

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create their own territorial agencies and appoint relevant officials to exercise their powers. Two. Federal executive bodies, by agreement with executive bodies of the constituent entities, may delegate the exercise of a portion of their powers to them, provided it does not contradict the

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Constitution and federal laws. Three. Executive bodies of the constituent entities, by agreement with federal executive bodies, may delegate the exercise of a portion of their powers to them. Four. The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation ensure the

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exercise of federal state powers throughout the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Constitution. Article 79. The Russian Federation may participate in interstate associations and delegate a portion of its powers to them in accordance with international treaties,

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provided this does not entail a restriction of human and civil rights and freedoms and does not contradict the foundations of the constitutional order. Chapter Four. The President of the Russian Federation. Article 80. The President of the Russian Federation is

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the head of state. Two. The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution and of human and civil rights and freedoms. In the manner established by the Constitution, he takes measures to protect the sovereignty, independence,

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and state integrity of the Russian Federation, and ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of state power bodies. Three. The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution and federal laws, determines the basic guidelines of the internal and foreign policy of the

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state. Four. The President of the Russian Federation, as head of state, represents the Russian Federation domestically and in international relations. Article 81. The President of the Russian Federation is elected for 4 years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal,

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equal, and direct suffrage by secret ballot. Two. A citizen of the Russian Federation not younger than 35 years old who has permanently resided in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years may be elected President.

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Regarding the application of Part Three of Article 81, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated November 5, 1998 Year number 134. The same person may not hold the office of President of the Russian Federation for

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more than two consecutive terms. Four. The procedure for the election of the President of the Russian Federation is determined by federal law. Article 82.

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One. Upon assuming office, the President of the Russian Federation shall take the following oath to the people. I swear, in the exercise of my powers as President of the Russian Federation, to respect and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen,

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to observe and defend the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and to defend the sovereignty, independence, security, and integrity of the state.

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To serve the people faithfully. Two. The oath is taken in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma, and judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Article 83. The President

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of the Russian Federation. (a) Appoints , with the consent of the State Duma, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; (b) has the right to preside over meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation. ( c) Makes decisions on the resignation

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of the Government of the Russian Federation, submits to the State Duma a candidate for appointment to the position of Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and raises the issue of removal from office of the Chairman of the Central Bank of

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the Russian Federation before the State Duma. (d) On the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, appoints and dismisses Deputy Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal ministers; (e) submits to the Federation Council candidates for

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appointment to the positions of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, as well as the candidate for the Prosecutor General of the

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Russian Federation. Submits to the Federation Council a proposal for the removal from office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation; appoints judges of other federal courts ; forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the status

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of which is determined by federal law; approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation and forms the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation; appoints and dismisses plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation. Appoints and

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dismisses the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Appoints and recalls, after consultations with the appropriate committees or commissions of the chambers of the Federal Assembly, diplomatic representatives of the Russian Federation to foreign states and international organizations.

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Article 84. The President of the Russian Federation. (a) Schedules elections for the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law.

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Regarding the interpretation of paragraph (b) of Article 84 of the Constitution of the RF, see the Constitutional Court of the RF ruling dated November 11, 1999, No. 15; (b) dissolves the State Duma in cases and in the manner provided for by the

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Constitution of the Russian Federation; (c) schedules a referendum in the manner established by federal constitutional law; submits bills to the State Duma; (d) signs and publishes federal laws. (e) Addresses the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country and on the

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main directions of the state's internal and foreign policy. Article 85. The President of the Russian Federation may use conciliation procedures to resolve disagreements between the public authorities of the Russian Federation and the public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian

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Federation, as well as between the public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the event that an agreed decision is not reached, he may refer the dispute for resolution to the appropriate court . Two. The President of the Russian

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Federation has the right to suspend the acts of the executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event that these acts contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, international obligations of the

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Russian Federation, or violate the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, pending the resolution of the matter by the appropriate court. Article 86. The President of the Russian Federation: (a ) Exercises the direction of the foreign policy of the Russian

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Federation; (b) conducts negotiations and signs international treaties of the Russian Federation; (c) signs instruments of ratification; accepts credentials and letters of recall of diplomatic representatives accredited to him. Article 87. 1. The President of the Russian Federation shall be the

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Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. 2. In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation or an immediate threat of aggression, the President of the Russian Federation shall impose martial law on the territory of the

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Russian Federation or in its individual regions, immediately notifying the Federation Council and the State Duma thereof. 3. The regime of martial law is determined by a federal constitutional law. Article 88. The President of the Russian Federation, under the circumstances and in the

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manner provided for by a federal constitutional law, shall impose a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual regions, immediately notifying the Federation Council and the State Duma thereof. Article 89. The President of the Russian Federation

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resolves issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and the granting of political asylum, confers state awards of the Russian Federation, and confers honorary titles of the Russian Federation. Highest military and highest special ranks. Exercises the right of pardon. Article 90. 1. The

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President of the Russian Federation issues decrees and directives. 2. Decrees and directives of the President of the Russian Federation are mandatory for execution throughout the territory of the Russian Federation. 3. Decrees and directives of the President of the

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Russian Federation must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws. On the interpretation of Article 91 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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See the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated July 11, 2000, No. 12. Article 91. The President of the Russian Federation possesses immunity. Article 92. 1. The President of the Russian Federation begins exercising their powers from the

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moment of taking the oath and ceases to exercise them upon the expiration of their term in office from the moment the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes the oath. On the interpretation of parts two and three of Article 92 of the Constitution

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of the Russian Federation. See the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated July 6, 1999, No. 10. On the interpretation of part two of Article 92 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, see the Ruling of the Constitutional

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Court of the Russian Federation dated July 11, 2000, No. 12. The President of the Russian Federation ceases to exercise their powers ahead of schedule in the event of their resignation.

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Persistent inability to exercise their powers due to health reasons, or removal from office. In this case, elections for the President of the Russian Federation must take place no later than 3 months from the moment of the early termination of the exercise

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of powers. In all cases where the President of the Russian Federation is unable to perform their duties, they are temporarily performed by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Acting President of the Russian Federation does not have the right to dissolve the

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State Duma, appoint a referendum, or submit proposals for amendments and the revision of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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Article 93. 1. The President of the Russian Federation may be removed from office by the Federation Council only on the basis of an accusation brought by the State Duma of high treason or the commission of another grave crime,

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confirmed by a conclusion of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the existence of signs of a crime in the President's actions and a conclusion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on compliance with the established procedure for

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bringing the accusation. 2. The decision of the State Duma to bring an accusation and the decision of the Federation Council to remove the President from office must be adopted by two-thirds of the votes of the total number in each of the houses upon the

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initiative of at least one-third of the deputies of the State Duma and with the existence of a conclusion from a special commission formed by the State Duma. 3. The decision of the Federation Council to remove the President of the

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Russian Federation from office must be made no later than three months after. The State Duma submits an accusation against the President. If the Federation Council does not make a decision within this period, the accusation against the President is

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considered rejected. Chapter Five. The Federal Assembly. Article 94. The Federal Assembly. The Parliament of the Russian Federation is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. Article 95. 1.

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The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers: the Federation Council and the State Duma. Two. The Federation Council includes two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation, one from the representative and one from the executive body of state power. Three. The State Duma

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consists of 450 deputies. Article 96. 1. The State Duma is elected for a term of 4 years. Two. The procedure for forming the Federation Council and the procedure for electing State Duma deputies are established by federal laws. Article 97. One. A citizen of the

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Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to vote may be elected a deputy of the State Duma.

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Two. The same person may not simultaneously be a member of the Federation Council and a deputy of the State Duma. A State Duma deputy may not be a deputy of other representative bodies of state power or local self-government. Three. State Duma

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deputies work on a professional, full-time basis. State Duma deputies may not hold public office or engage in other paid activities, except for teaching, scientific, or other creative activities. Article 98. 1. Members of the Federation Council and State Duma

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deputies possess immunity for their entire term of office. They may not be detained, arrested, or searched, except in cases of detention at the scene of a crime, nor may they be subjected to personal searches, unless provided for by federal law to ensure the safety of

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others. Two. The issue of stripping immunity is decided by the corresponding chamber of the Federal Assembly upon the recommendation of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation. Article 99. On the interpretation of parts 1, 2, and 4 of

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Article 99 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. See the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated November 11, 1999, No. 15. 1. The Federal Assembly is a permanently functioning body. Two.

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The State Duma shall convene for its first session on the thirtieth day after its election. The President of the Russian Federation may convene a session of the State Duma earlier than this date. Three. The first session of the State Duma shall be opened by the

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oldest deputy. Four. From the moment the newly elected State Duma begins its work, the powers of the previous State Duma are terminated. Article 100. 1.

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The Federation Council and the State Duma meet separately. Two. Sessions of the Federation Council and the State Duma are open to the public. In cases provided for by the chamber's regulations, it has the right to hold closed sessions. The chambers may meet

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jointly to hear addresses from the President of the Russian Federation, messages from the Constitutional Court, or speeches by heads of foreign states.

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Article 101.1. The Federation Council elects from among its members the Chairman of the Federation Council and their deputies. The State Duma elects from among its members the Chairman of the State Duma and their deputies. Two.

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The Chairman of the Federation Council and their deputies. The Chairman of the State Duma and their deputies preside over sessions and manage the internal rules of the chamber. Three. The Federation Council and the State Duma form committees and commissions, and

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hold parliamentary hearings on matters within their jurisdiction. Four. Each chamber adopts its own rules of procedure and resolves matters regarding the internal organization of its activities. Five. To exercise control over the execution of the federal budget, the Federation Council

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and the State Duma form the Audit Chamber. Its composition and operational procedures are determined by federal law. Article 102, 1. The jurisdiction of the Federation Council includes: a) approving changes in boundaries between subjects of the Russian Federation. approving the

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decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law, approving the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency, and resolving the issue of the possibility. of using the Armed

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Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation; calling presidential elections in the Russian Federation; removing the President of the Russian Federation from office; appointing judges to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme

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Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation; appointing and dismissing the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation; and appointing and dismissing the Deputy Chairman of the Audit Chamber and half of its auditors. Two. The Federation Council

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adopts resolutions on matters within its jurisdiction under the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Three.

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Resolutions of the Federation Council are adopted by a majority vote of the total number of its members, unless a different procedure is provided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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Article 103, 1. The jurisdiction of the State Duma includes: a) giving consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; b) deciding the issue of confidence in the Government

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of the Russian Federation; c) appointing and dismissing the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; d) appointing and dismissing the Chairman of the Audit Chamber and half of its auditors; e) appointing and dismissing the Commissioner for Human Rights, acting

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in accordance with a federal constitutional law. f) declaring an amnesty; g) bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation to remove them from office. Two. The State Duma adopts resolutions on matters within its jurisdiction under the Constitution of the Russian

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Federation. Regarding the interpretation of part three of Article 103 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. See the resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 1995. Number 4-P. Three. Resolutions of the State Duma are adopted by a majority vote of

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the total number of deputies of the State Duma. Unless a different procedure for decision-making is provided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 104. One.

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The right of legislative initiative belongs to the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the legislative representative bodies of the subjects of the Russian

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Federation. The right of legislative initiative also belongs to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation on matters within their jurisdiction. Two. Bills are submitted

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to the State Duma. Three. Bills on the introduction or abolition of taxes, exemption from their payment, the issuance of state loans, and the modification of state financial obligations. Other bills providing for expenditures to be covered by the federal budget may be submitted only if

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the Government of the Russian Federation has provided an opinion. Article 105, 1. Federal laws are adopted by the State Duma. Regarding the interpretation of part two of Article 105, see: Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated

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April 12, 1995 number 2. 2. Federal laws are passed by a majority of votes from the total number of State Duma deputies, unless otherwise provided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Three. Federal laws adopted by the State Duma are submitted to the

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Federation Council for consideration within 5 days; regarding the interpretation of part 4 of Article 105 , see: Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated March 23, 1995 number 1. A federal law is considered approved by the Federation Council: if

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more than half of the total number of members of this chamber voted for it, or if it was not considered by the Federation Council within 14 days. In the event of a federal law being rejected by the Federation Council, the

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chambers may form a conciliation commission to resolve the resulting differences, after which the federal law is subject to reconsideration by the State Duma. Regarding the interpretation of part five of Article 105, see: Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated April 12, 1995

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number 2. In the event of disagreement by the State Duma with the decision of the Federation Council, the federal law is considered adopted if, upon a second vote, at least 2/3 of the total number of State Duma deputies voted for it.

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Regarding the interpretation of Article 106 of the Constitution of the RF, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated March 23, 1995 number 1 . Article 106. Federal laws adopted by the State Duma concerning the following

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issues must be considered by the Federation Council: a) the federal budget, b) federal taxes and levies, c) financial, currency, credit, and customs regulation, d) currency emission, e) ratification and denunciation of international treaties of the Russian Federation, f) the

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status and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation, g) war and peace. Regarding the interpretation of Article 107, see: Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated April 22, 1996, number 10.

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Article 107, 1. An adopted federal law is sent to the President of the Russian Federation within 5 days for signing and promulgation. Two. The President of the Russian Federation shall sign and promulgate the federal law within 14 days. Regarding the interpretation of

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part three of Article 107, see: Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated April 12, 1995 number 2. Three.

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If the President of the Russian Federation rejects a federal law within 14 days of receiving it, the State Duma and the Federation Council shall reconsider said law in the manner established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. If, upon

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reconsideration, the federal law is approved in its previously adopted version by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma, it shall be signed by the President of the Russian

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Federation within 7 days and promulgated. Article 108, 1. Federal constitutional laws are adopted on matters provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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Regarding the interpretation of part two of Article 108 of the Constitution of the RF, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the RF dated April 12, 1995, number 2. Two. A federal constitutional law is considered adopted if it is approved by

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a majority of at least three-fourths of the total number of members of the Federation Council and at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. An adopted federal constitutional law must be signed by the President of the Russian

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Federation and published within 14 days . Article 109. On the interpretation of Part 1 of Article 109 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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See the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated November 11, 1999, No.

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15. 1. The State Duma may be dissolved by the President of the Russian Federation in the cases provided for by Articles 111 and 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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2. In the event of the dissolution of the State Duma, the President of the Russian Federation shall set the date of elections so that the newly elected State Duma convenes no later than four months from the moment of dissolution.

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The State Duma may not be dissolved on the grounds provided for by Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation within a year after its election. 4. The State Duma may not be dissolved from the moment it brings

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charges against the President of the Russian Federation until the Federation Council adopts a corresponding decision . The State Duma may not be dissolved during a period of martial law or a state of emergency throughout the entire territory of the Russian

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Federation, nor within six months prior to the expiration of the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation. Chapter Six. The Government of the Russian Federation, Article 110.

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1. Executive power of the Russian Federation is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.

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2. The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Deputy Chairmen of the Government, and federal ministers.

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Article 111. 1. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation with the consent of the State Duma. 2. A proposal for the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation

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shall be submitted no later than a two-week period. After the newly elected President of the Russian Federation takes office, or after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, or within a week from the day of the rejection of the

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candidacy by the State Duma. 3. The State Duma considers the candidacy for the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation submitted by the President within a week from the day the proposal is submitted. On the interpretation of Part 4 of Article 111

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of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. See the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated December 11, 1998, No.

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28. 4. After the State Duma rejects the submitted candidates for Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation three times, the President of the Russian Federation shall appoint the Chairman of the Government, dissolve the State Duma, and call for

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new elections. Article 112. On the interpretation of Part 1 of Article 112 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. See the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated January 27, 1999, No.

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2. 1. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation shall submit to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structure of federal executive bodies no later than a week after appointment. 2. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian

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Federation proposes to the President of the Russian Federation candidates for the positions of Deputy Chairmen of the Government and federal ministers, Article 113. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws,

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and presidential decrees, determines the main directions of the Government's activities and organizes its work.

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Article 114, 1. The Government of the Russian Federation. It develops and submits the federal budget to the State Duma and ensures its execution. It submits a report on the execution of the federal budget to the State Duma and ensures the implementation of a

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unified financial, credit, and monetary policy in the Russian Federation. It ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the Russian Federation in the fields of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology. It manages federal property, and it carries out measures

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to ensure the defense of the country, state security, and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. It carries out measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and public order, and the

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fight against crime. It exercises other powers vested in it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws , and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. Two. The procedure for the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation is determined by

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a federal constitutional law. Article 115. On the basis of and in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, and normative decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation issues decrees and

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directives and ensures their execution. Two. Decrees and directives of the Government of the Russian Federation are mandatory for execution throughout the Russian Federation. Three. Decrees and directives of the Government of the Russian Federation, in case they contradict the Constitution of the

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Russian Federation, federal laws, or decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, may be rescinded by the President of the Russian Federation.

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Article 116. Before a newly elected President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation resigns its powers. Article 117. One. The Government of the Russian Federation may submit its resignation, which is accepted or rejected by the

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President of the Russian Federation. Two. The President of the Russian Federation may make a decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation. On the interpretation of Part 3 of Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian

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Federation. See the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of April 12, 1995, No. 2.

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Three. The State Duma may express no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation. A resolution on no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation is adopted by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. After the

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State Duma expresses no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation has the right to announce the resignation of the Government or to disagree with the decision of the State Duma; if the

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State Duma expresses no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation again within 3 months. The President of the Russian Federation announces the resignation of the Government or dissolves the State Duma.

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Four. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation may pose the question of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation to the State Duma, if the State Duma refuses confidence. Within 7 days, the President makes a decision on the

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resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or on the dissolution of the State Duma. and the appointment of new elections. In the event of resignation or the expiration of the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, it shall, by order

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of the President of the Russian Federation, continue to act until a new Government of the Russian Federation is formed. Chapter Seven. Judicial Power.

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Article 118. 1. Justice in the Russian Federation is administered solely by the courts. Two. Judicial power is exercised through constitutional, civil , administrative, and criminal proceedings. Three. The judicial system of the Russian Federation is established by the Constitution of the

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Russian Federation and federal constitutional law. The creation of extraordinary courts is not permitted. Article 119. Judges may be citizens of the Russian Federation who have reached the age of 25, possess a higher legal education, and have at least 5 years of

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legal work experience. Federal law may establish additional requirements for judges of the courts of the Russian Federation. Article 120. One. Judges are independent and subject only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law. Two. A court, having

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established during the consideration of a case the non-compliance of an act of a state or other body with the law, makes a decision in accordance with the law. Article 121. Judges are irremovable. Two. The powers of a judge

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may be terminated or suspended only in the manner and on the grounds established by federal law. Article 122 . One. Judges are inviolable. Two. A judge cannot be held criminally liable except in the manner determined by federal law. Article 123. One. The

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trial of cases in all courts is open. Hearings in closed sessions are permitted in cases provided for by federal law. Two. Proceedings in absentia in criminal cases are not permitted, except in cases provided for by federal law. Three. Legal

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proceedings are carried out on the basis of adversarial nature and equality of the parties. Four. In cases provided for by federal law, legal proceedings are carried out with the participation of jurors. Article 124.

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The financing of courts is carried out only from the federal budget and must ensure the possibility of complete and independent exercise. Justice in accordance with the federal law on the interpretation of Article 125 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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See the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 16, 1998, number 19.

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Article 125, part one. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges. Two.

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The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, upon the requests of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, 1/5 of the members of the Federation Council or deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian

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Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, and legislative and executive bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation. resolves cases on the compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of: federal laws

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, normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, constitutions of republics, charters, as well as laws and other normative acts of the subjects of the Russian

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Federation issued on matters related to the jurisdiction of state power bodies. of the Russian Federation and the joint jurisdiction of state power bodies of the Russian Federation and state power bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, of treaties between state

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power bodies of the Russian Federation and state power bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, of treaties between state power bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, and of international treaties of the Russian Federation that have not

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entered into force. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation resolves disputes over competence between federal state power bodies, between state power bodies of the Russian Federation and state power bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, and between higher state

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bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, upon complaints about violations of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens and upon requests of courts, checks the constitutionality of a law applied or subject to application in a specific

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case, in the manner established by federal law. Five. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, upon requests from the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, or legislative bodies of the constituent

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entities of the Russian Federation, provides an interpretation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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Six. Acts or their individual provisions deemed unconstitutional shall lose their legal force. that do not conform to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. International treaties of the Russian Federation shall not be put into effect or applied . Seven. The Constitutional Court of

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the Russian Federation, upon request from the Federation, provides an opinion on the observance of the established procedure for charging the President of the Russian Federation with high treason or another grave crime. Regarding the interpretation of Article 126 of the Constitution of the

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Russian Federation. See the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated June 16, 1998, number 19. Article 126. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body for civil, criminal, administrative, and other cases. under

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the jurisdiction of courts of general jurisdiction, it exercises judicial supervision over their activities in procedural forms provided by federal law and provides explanations on matters of judicial practice. Regarding the interpretation of Article 127 of the Constitution of the Russian

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Federation, see the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated June 16, 1998 year, number 19, Article 127. The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body for the resolution of economic disputes

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and other cases considered by arbitration courts; it exercises judicial supervision over their activities in procedural forms provided by federal law and provides explanations on matters of judicial practice. Article 128, 1. Judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian

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Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Federation Council upon the nomination of the President of the Russian Federation. Two. Judges of other federal courts are appointed by the

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President of the Russian Federation in the manner established by federal law. Three. The powers, formation, and operational procedures of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian

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Federation, and other federal courts are established by federal constitutional law. Article 129, 1. The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation constitutes a single centralized system with lower-ranking prosecutors subordinate to higher-ranking ones and to the Prosecutor General of the Russian

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Federation. Two. The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation is appointed to and dismissed from office by the Federation Council upon the nomination of the President of the Russian Federation. Three. Prosecutors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are appointed by the

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Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation in agreement with those entities. Four. Other prosecutors are appointed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation. Five. The powers, organization, and operational procedures of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation are

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determined by federal law. Chapter eight. Local self-government. Article 130. One. Local self-government in the Russian Federation ensures the independent resolution by the population of local issues, as well as the possession, use, and disposal of municipal property. Two. Local

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self-government is exercised by citizens through referendums, elections , and other forms of direct expression of will, as well as through elected and other local self-government bodies.

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Article 131. One. Local self-government is exercised in urban and rural settlements and other territories, taking into account historical and other local traditions. The structure of local self-government bodies is determined by the population independently. Two. Changing the boundaries of territories where local

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self-government is exercised is permitted, taking into account the opinion of the population of the respective territories. Article 132, 1.

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Local self-government bodies independently manage municipal property , form, approve, and execute the local budget, set local taxes and fees, maintain public order, and address other matters of local importance. Two.

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Local self-government bodies may be granted specific state powers by law. with the transfer of the material and financial resources necessary for their implementation. The exercise of delegated powers is subject to state control. Article 133. Local self-government in the Russian

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Federation is guaranteed by the right to judicial protection, to compensation for additional expenses resulting from decisions made by state authorities, and a ban on restricting the rights of local self-government. established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Federal laws. Chapter

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nine. Constitutional amendments and revision of the Constitution, Article 134. Proposals for amendments and revisions to the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation may be submitted by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, the Government

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of the Russian Federation, legislative bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as a group of at least 1/5 of the members of the Federation Council or deputies of the State Duma, Article 130. 35. The provisions of chapters 1, 2, and 9 of

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the Constitution of the Russian Federation cannot be revised by the Federal Assembly. On the interpretation of part two of Article 135 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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See the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 1995, number 2. Two. If a proposal to revise the provisions of chapters 1, 2, and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is supported by three-fifths of the

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votes of the total number of members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma, then a Constitutional Assembly is convened in accordance with federal constitutional law. Three. The Constitutional Assembly either confirms the immutability of the Constitution of

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the Russian Federation or develops a draft of a new Constitution of the Russian Federation, which is adopted by the Constitutional Assembly by a two-thirds vote of its total members or submitted to a national vote. When conducting a national vote, the

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Constitution of the Russian Federation is considered adopted if more than half of the voters who took part in the voting voted for it, provided that more than half of the electorate participated. On the interpretation of Article 136 of the Constitution of the

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Russian Federation. See the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 1995. year , number 12. Article 136. Amendments to chapters three through eight of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are adopted in the manner provided for

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the adoption of a federal constitutional law and enter into force after their approval by the legislative authorities of at least 2/3 of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

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Article 137. One. Changes to Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which defines the composition of the Russian Federation, are made on the basis of a federal constitutional law on the admission to the Russian Federation and the

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formation within it of a new subject of the Russian Federation, or on the change of the constitutional-legal status of a subject of the Russian Federation, on the interpretation of part two of Article 137 of the Constitution of the RF. RF. See the

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ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated November 28, 1995, number 15. Two. In the event of a change in the name of a republic, krai, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast, or autonomous okrug, the new name of the

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subject of the Russian Federation is subject to inclusion in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Section two. Concluding and transitional provisions. One. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall enter into force on the day of

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its official publication following the results of the nationwide vote. The day of the nationwide vote, December 12, 1993, shall be considered the day of the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of

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the Russian Federation—Russia, adopted on April 12, 1978, with subsequent amendments and supplements, shall cease to be in effect. In the event of a discrepancy between the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the provisions of the Federal Treaty, treaties on the

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delimitation of objects of jurisdiction and powers between federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of sovereign republics within the Russian Federation , treaties on the delimitation of objects of jurisdiction and powers

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between federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of krais, oblasts, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation, treaties on the delimitation of objects of jurisdiction and powers between federal bodies of

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state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of the autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs within the Russian Federation, as well as other treaties between federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and bodies of state power of

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the subjects of the Russian Federation, and treaties between bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall prevail. Two. Laws and other legal acts that were in effect on the

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territory of the Russian Federation before the entry into force of this Constitution shall apply in the parts that do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation. On the issue of the application of paragraph 3, see the rulings of the Constitutional Court

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. Of November 5, 1998, number 134. Three. The President of the Russian Federation, elected in accordance with the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation. Russia, from the day this Constitution enters into force, shall exercise the powers established by it until the expiration

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of the term for which he was elected. Four. The Council of Ministers—the Government of the Russian Federation— from the day this Constitution enters into force shall acquire the rights, duties, and responsibilities of the Government of the Russian Federation

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established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and shall henceforth be called the Government of the Russian Federation. Five. Courts in the Russian Federation shall exercise justice in accordance with their powers as established by this Constitution. After this Constitution enters into force,

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the judges of all courts of the Russian Federation shall retain their powers until the expiration of the term for which they were elected. Vacant positions shall be filled in the manner established by this Constitution. Six.

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Until the federal law establishing the procedure for cases to be heard by a court with the participation of jurors enters into force, the previous procedure for judicial consideration of such cases shall be maintained. Until the criminal procedure legislation of

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the Russian Federation is brought into compliance with the provisions of this Constitution, the previous procedure for arrest, detention in custody, and the holding of persons. suspected of committing a crime shall be maintained.

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Seven. The Federation Council of the first convocation and the State Duma of the first convocation shall be elected for a term of 2 years. Eight. The Federation Council shall assemble for its first session on the thirtieth day after its election. The first session

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of the Federation Council shall be opened by the President of the Russian Federation. Nine. A deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation may simultaneously be a member of the Government of the Russian Federation.

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The provisions of this Constitution regarding the immunity of deputies shall not apply to deputies of the State Duma or members of the Government of the Russian Federation in matters of responsibility for actions or omissions related to the performance of official

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duties. Deputies of the Federation Council of the first convocation shall exercise their powers on a non-permanent basis. End of the audiobook. Thank you for listening. You can also listen to and download other audiobooks at aiaudiobooks.org. All works used in this audio material are

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the property of their respective copyright holders.

Topics:Russian ConstitutionRussian FederationFederalismHuman RightsSovereigntyRussian LawState PowerFederal SubjectsSeparation of PowersConstitutional Law

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