Water-Soluble Vitamins – Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B7, B9… — Transcript

Comprehensive overview of water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B7, B9, B12, and vitamin C, their functions, and biochemical roles.

Key Takeaways

Water-soluble vitamins are essential micronutrients that act mainly as coenzymes in metabolism.
Vitamin B-complex and vitamin C have distinct biochemical roles critical for energy production, DNA synthesis, and antioxidant functions.
Deficiencies in vitamins B9 (folate) and B12 (cobalamin) can cause serious blood disorders like anemia and pancytopenia.
Water-soluble vitamins are not stored extensively in the body, making regular dietary intake important.
Understanding vitamin functions helps in clinical diagnosis and treatment of nutritional deficiencies.

Summary

Introduction to water-soluble vitamins and their distinction from fat-soluble vitamins and minerals.
Explanation of the origin and meaning of the term 'vitamins' and their essential nature in human nutrition.
Detailed naming and classification of water-soluble vitamins including B-complex vitamins and vitamin C.
Functions of each vitamin as coenzymes or cofactors in various metabolic reactions such as decarboxylation, redox, and transamination.
Role of specific vitamins in critical biological processes like collagen synthesis, DNA synthesis, and blood cell formation.
Discussion on vitamin deficiencies, particularly folate and B12, and their clinical manifestations such as anemia and pancytopenia.
Comparison of water-soluble versus fat-soluble vitamins in terms of absorption, storage, and deficiency risks.
Historical and biochemical anecdotes to aid memory and understanding of vitamin functions and importance.
Mention of additional resources such as playlists and downloadable notes for deeper learning.
Encouragement of viewer interaction through comments and engagement with related educational content.

Chapters

Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown

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What is going on, wonderful people? It's Medicosis Perfectionis, where medicine makes perfect sense. Welcome back to my biochemistry playlist. In previous videos, we talked about the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, glycolysis versus gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis versus glycogenolysis, ketogenesis versus ketogenolysis,

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lipogenesis versus lipolysis, protein synthesis versus protein breakdown, anabolism versus catabolism, the insulin land versus the glucagon land, and much more. Today, we'll talk about vitamins, particularly the water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin B1, which is thiamin, vitamin B2, which is riboflavin, vitamin

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B3 is niacin, vitamin B5 is pantothenic acid, vitamin B7 is biotin, B9 is folate, B12 is cobalamin, and vitamin C is ascorbic acid. Click the like button, click the subscribe button, and let's get started. This video is part of my

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biochemistry playlist. Please watch these videos in order. I also have a diet and nutrition playlist. Let's go back to square one. What's the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients? The macronutrients are three. We have carbohydrates, we have proteins, and we have fats or lipids.

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The micronutrients, however, are the vitamins and the minerals. The vitamins are divided into two subtypes. And the minerals are also divided into two categories. Vitamins could be water-soluble vitamins versus fat-soluble vitamins. The minerals are divided into macrominerals versus micro

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minerals, otherwise known as trace elements. The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin B1, B2, all the B's, and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin K, E, D, and A. There is a mnemonic in Arabic that helps you remember both of

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them. It's called bos keda, which means look this way. B and C are the water-soluble vitamins. K, E, D, and A are the fat-soluble vitamins. To learn about all the vitamins and the minerals, please refer to my diet and nutrition playlist.

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Here is a quick review of the water-soluble vitamins. If you want to see more videos like this in the future, drop your favorite food emoji in the comments. Why do we call them vitamins?

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Where did that word come from? We call them vitamins because they are vital amines. Or so we thought. They are not vital amines. It's a misnomer. But since we called them that in the past, the name stuck. Humans are stubborn. Do not

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expect them to change this name anytime soon. I mean, they still call the lupus anticoagulant anticoagulant even though it's procoagulant. It should be called lupus procoagulant, but it's not going to change. How about the term pyogenic granuloma? It's neither

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pyogenic nor a granuloma. People are weird. But I digress. Vitamins are organic molecules. The chemistry of carbon. They are micronutrients, not macro. They are essential. What does that mean? It's not the same as when rich suburbanites talk about their

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essential oils. My auntie will tell you if it ain't coconut, it ain't essential. But in biochemistry, essential has a very specific meaning. It means that your body cannot make them. Therefore, you have to eat them in the diet or have

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your gut bacteria make it for you. In the case of vitamin K, vitamins are water-soluble or fat-soluble. The functions of vitamins are to aid in metabolism. Some of them are antioxidants. They act as co-enzymes or co-actors for reactions.

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Hey, what's the difference between the word co-enzyme and co-actor? If you know, please comment below. I've talked about that in a separate video with that title. Vitamin C is going to help me make collagen with a C. Vitamins can

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help develop my red blood cells, particularly vitamin B9, which is folate, B12, which is cobalamin, and even B6, which is pyridoxine. Vitamin D is not just a vitamin, but also a hormone.

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This is the back of a vitamin's bottle at Walmart. Very disorganized, where vitamin B12 comes before vitamin B7 and vitamin B7 comes before vitamin B5. What are we doing? Why don't you organize them in this fashion? It looks way

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better. And then after you're done with the vitamins, you list the minerals. But who am I to judge? I'm just a doofus sitting in my kitchen. Leave it to the experts, they say. This slide alone is going to help you answer several

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questions correctly on your exam. Pay attention. Each one of these vitamins has a letter and a name. So, vitamin B1 is thiamin. Vitamin B2 is riboflavin. B3 is niacin. B5 is pantothenic acid. B6 is pyridoxine. B7 is biotin. B9 is folate or

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folic acid. I know that there is a tiny difference between the two, but who cares today. Vitamin B12 is cobalamin.

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Vitamin C is ascorbic acid. Vitamin K is the quinone. A is the tocopherol. D is the cholecalciferol.

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A is the retinol, retinoic, isotretinoin, and all of that lovely stuff. Now let's talk about functions. Why do we need them? Vitamins are co-enzymes.

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Co-enzyme. I help an enzyme. For example, vitamin B1 is going to help decarboxylases, the enzymes that catalyze decarboxylation reactions as well as dehydrogenases. What does dehydrogenase mean? In chemistry, dehydrogenase means an enzyme that catalyzes reduction-oxidation reactions or redox for short.

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Thiamine gives us a compound known as TPP, which is thiamine pyrophosphate. Please do not confuse thiamine with I with thiamine with a Y. Thiamine is a vitamin.

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Thymine is a nitrogenous base which is part of your DNA. Hey, is thymine part of your RNA? Yes or no? Comment below if you know. Next, we have vitamin B2, which is riboflavin. It gives us FAD, FMN, etc.

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Function: reduction-oxidation reactions. B3 is niacin. It gives us NAD, also reduction-oxidation reactions. Vitamin B5 is pantothenic acid, and it gives us co-enzyme A, which is important for acyl transfer. Whenever you see the word acyl, think fat, lipids. Lipoic acid,

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think fats, lipids, acyl transfer as well. Vitamin B6 is pyridoxine. It gives us the famous compound PLP, which is pyridoxal phosphate. This is the hero of the transamination reaction to transfer amino groups such as the famous liver transaminases, also known as liver

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aminotransferases. These transaminases of the liver are AST and ALT. The old name for AST was SGOT, and the old name for ALT was SGPT.

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Don't ask what these stand for. You do not want to know. Vitamin B6 is also the hero of decarboxylation reactions. How about carboxylation? No, for that you have to talk to vitamin B7, which is biotin. So decarboxylation comes before carboxylation if you follow

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the numbers of the vitamins. What does carboxylation mean? To add a carbon dioxide or CO2. Decarboxylation is to remove such a group. Vitamin B9 or folate transfers one-carbon units, which is important for DNA synthesis, which is needed to divide

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your cells. You need to divide your cells in order to make new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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And that's why in patients with folate deficiency and/or cobalamin deficiency, what do they get? They get anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia because their cells cannot divide. Vitamin B12 catalyzes alkylation reactions, isomerases, and mutases. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid

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that's for the hydroxylase. C ascorbic acid hydroxylase, and it will help you make collagen with a C. Choline is not a vitamin, but it behaves like one, and it's good for methylation. Here is a methyl group.

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Vitamin K carboxylation reaction, particularly of the coagulation factors. Vitamin E is a famous antioxidant.

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Vitamin D is good for your bones and teeth. Vitamin A is an antioxidant and good for rhodopsin of your retina of the eye, which is good for night vision.

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Vitamin A is also good for your skin and for your immune system. If you wish to download these colorful notes, go to medicosisperfectionis.com.

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I help you learn, understand, and pass exams. If you want me to personally tutor you, reach out to me on my website. I have a video titled enzyme names in this biochemistry playlist. It will teach you about the function of

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each enzyme based on the name of the enzyme. So you'll learn about oxidases, reductases, oxy-reductases, dehydrogenases, transferases, lyases, hydrolases, lyases.

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help with this kind of reaction? What vitamin is a co-enzyme for this type of reaction? How about this enzyme? What's the co-enzyme for this enzyme? Pause and comment below. Water soluble vitamins.

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Sorry, I forgot the hyphen. Water soluble vitamins are water soluble. Anything that's water soluble will be easy for the kidneys to excrete, provided that your kidneys are normal.

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If they are very easy to excrete, it'll become very, very unlikely to have toxicity from these vitamins. When was the last time you saw someone with hypervitaminosis B or hyper vitaminos C?

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Very unlikely. Since it's very easy to lose them in the urine, deficiency from a water soluble vitamin is relatively more likely when you compare it to a fat soluble counterpart. Fat soluble vitamins will be the opposite. They are

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not excreted in the urine, which makes deficiency less likely and toxicity more likely. Today, we'll review the water soluble vitamins. As for the fat soluble vitamins, they were reviewed in another video in this biochemistry playlist.

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Again, the water soluble vitamins are vitamin B's and vitamin C. Starting with vitamin B1 or thamin. There are many many many enzymes that require thamine as a co-actor including pyrovate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branch chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase as well as

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transllocases. Boy, do they love this question on the exam. What are the enzymes that are dependent on vitamin B1? Why is this important? Because if I have vitamin B1 deficiency, my pyrovate dehydrogenase is not going to work. This

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leads to many problems including lactic acidosis which is a high annion gap metabolic acidosis. I have a separate video on pyrovate dehydrogenase and its deficiency. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency takes place if I have thamin deficiency. Branch chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase is not

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going to work if I have maple syrup urine disease. The trans ketoase is part of the HMP shunt or the hexos monofh phosphate shunt. Vitamin B1 is a co-enzyme for trans ketoace which is part of the HMP shunt. You can actually

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measure the vitamin B1 level by measuring the red blood cell transase activity which makes perfect sense. If I have vitamin B1 deficiency, I can develop the following diseases. Vernicki Corso syndrome, thamine metabolism dysfunction syndromes and berry berry which comes in two flavors. Wet berry

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berry wet with edema too much fluid because of congestive heart failure and dry berry berry with no edema no CHF but rather nerve problems. I've talked about each one of these diseases in a separate video. Please remember Vernicki Corsokov

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syndrome and remember to give vitamin B1 to your patient before you give glucose. If you give glucose before vitamin B1, you can end your patient. Please do not be another doofus with a stethoscope.

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Watch my video on Vernicki Corsokov to learn more. Dr. Taki Kahhiro discovered back in the 19th century when the dinosaurs walked the back of the earth a disease that only affected sailors who ate only white rice. Whereas people who

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had a more balanced diet did not suffer from berry berry what he called kake. He also observed that kake was more common in poorer individuals because they could only afford white rice. There are many types of berry berry or kake. We have

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infantile berry berry and adult berry berry. The adult berry berry has three subtypes wet and dry and gastrointestinal berry berry. I've talked about each one of them in a separate video in this biochemistry playlist. Next is vitamin B2 or

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riboplavin. What are the functions of vitamin B2? It gives us FAD and FMN. These are co-actors for redux reactions.

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You see FAD all over your biochemistry textbook. Does anyone remember the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain?

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Here is a short list of the enzymes that require vitamin B2 as a co-enzyme. Pause and review. Why do people have deficiency of vitamin B2? Maybe because I'm not eating enough or maybe I'm eating enough but I am not absorbing

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enough. Why? Decreased intake could be malnutrition which is associated with the three A's. Living in abject poverty, alcoholism because people who drink too much get a lot of calories from the alcohol and they forget to eat. Also, alcohol can mess up their brain and

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anorexia. What if it's a malabsorption issue? It could be inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, malignancy, short bowel syndrome, multiple asilco dehydrogenase deficiency, gluteric academia, and many others. Medications such as pheninoarbital, especially long-term, can interfere with my ability to absorb vitamin B2. Photootherapy for

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jaundice can contribute to vitamin B2 deficiency, but that's rare. Since vitamin B2 is rioflavin, vitamin B2 deficiency is termed a riboplavinosis.

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It's giving me daddy. What are the symptoms of vitamin B2 or rioplavin deficiency? I will have inflammation of the tongue. Glossitis of the mouth, stomatitis. of the angle of the mouth, angular stomatitis of the lips, keilitis and fatigue. Remember that you need your

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riboplavin to make what? To make F A D and FMN. These are flavor proteins, which reminds me of Chef Gordon Ramsay. F me, it's raw. Next is vitamin B3 or nascin. Fun fact, if you start with the amino acid

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tryptophan, you can get serotonin and serotonin can give you melatonin. But you can also get kinuranine from tryptophan and the canuranine can give you niacin, which is what we're talking about today. Some people say it takes money to make money, but biochemists say

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that it takes a vitamin to make another vitamin. It takes vitamin B2 to make vitamin B3. It also takes vitamin B6 to make vitamin B3. Niacin has two different stories. It's a tale of two niacins. Niacin at a low dose is your

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good old vitamin that we all know and love. That's what you call nicotenomide. That is not the same as the nicotine in the cigarettes. Be careful because health books are the only types of books that can kill you because of a typo. In

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the good old days, which were not so good, doctors used to say this word a lot. They recommended that their patients take nicotenomide.

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But many patients misheard their doctors and started smoking cigarettes. These high IQ experts learned from their mistakes and stopped calling it nicotenomide and they started referring to it as B3 or simply nascin. That's nycin at a lower dose. But the same nyin

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at higher doses has a completely different function. It can lower your blood lipids. Vitamin B2 gave us FAD and FMN. But vitamin B3 is going to give us NAD and NADP which are heroes for the reduction oxidation reactions. There are

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many many many many natural sources for vitamin B3. You can also take supplements. What's the most common cause of nascin deficiency? The answer is eating only a cornbased diet. A diet that is strictly cornbased does not have niacin and it does not even have

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tryptophan which can give you nascin. No tryptophan, no nascin, which reminds me of the used car salesman. No cash, no problem. I need to take a shower every time I talk to a salesman. I would rather shake hands with a patient who

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suffers from secondary syphilis. Well, maybe not. Did you know that secondary syphilis can infect the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet? And if you shake hands with a patient with secondary syphilis who has a lesion on

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the palm, he can infect you with syphilis just by shaking hands. even if your skin is intact and has no wounds whatsoever and that's why I do not shake hands be it with a salesman or otherwise the trepemma paladum is not getting hold

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of this vessel these three enzymes are very famous the pyrovate dehydrogenase the alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase and the branch chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase why are they famous because they require not one not two not three but five different co-enzymes or

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co-actors. I call it the Tiflon company. Let me break that down for you. What's the T? That's your thamin or vitamin B1.

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What's the F? That's the F A which comes from vitamin B2. What's the L? That's lipoic acid. Teflon, what's the N? That is N A which comes from nascin. And what is co for company? that is co-ash which

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comes from pantothenic acid which is vitamin B5. Never ever forget that you need five co-actors for these three enzymes. They love this question on the exam. Fun fact, there is a disease known as hotnip disease inherited in an

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autotosomal recessive fashion. It's a genetic disease where the carrier protein responsible for transporting tryptophan is missing. It has left the chat. Without tryptophan, there is no serotonin. Without serotonin, there is no melatonin. Without tryptophan, there is no canorinine. And without canorin,

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there is no nascin. And without nascin, I will suffer from a disease known as pelagra, which is characterized by the infamous 3Ds. Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia. And if it's not treated promptly, it can lead to the fourth D, death. A student of mine is born in

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India. He told me that India has different 3Ds. I was confused. I said, "What do you mean?" He explained to me, "Any Indian student to his parent is one of three Ds. You're either a doctor, a dentist, or a disappointment." But

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that's in the past. A second student from India corrected my confusion and misconception. He told me that today Indian parents are more open-minded and modern. They give their offspring many more options. Hey son, you can become a chemical engineer, a petroleum engineer,

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a software engineer, an auto engineer, or a structural engineer. I have nothing but respect for parents who make their children work extra hard. I cannot stand lazy mediocrities. We're done with vitamin B1, B2, and B3. Where is B

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before? It doesn't exist. There was a glitch in the system. What we called vitamin B4 in the past, we found out that it was not a vitamin. So, we just kicked it out of the chat without changing the names of the other vitamins

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because they were already established and used by doctors and patients alike. So, enters vitamin B5, pantothenic acid.

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What the hell does the word pantothenic means? It means from everywhere, meaning vitamin B5 is ubiquitous. If you mention any type of food, the odds are it has vitamin B5, which means that vitamin B5 deficiency is extremely rare because

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vitamin B5 is everywhere. With vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid, think co-enzyme A and think as transfer and think fat.

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Look at all of that fat. Since deficiency of vitamin B5 is very rare, we're going to turn our attention to vitamin B6 whose deficiency is not as rare, particularly if your doctor is a doofus with a stethoscope. Vitamin B6,

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why do we need it? For the trans amination reactions, particularly in the liver. Trans amin to transfer an amino group such as ALT and A. ALT stands for alanine trans amaminase and A stands for aspartate trans aminise. In addition to

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the transamination reactions, vitamin B6 can help you with damination, transulfuration, synthesis of arachidonic acid from the leninoleic acid, synthesis of sphingo myelin for your nerves, myofh phosphorulation which is breakdown of glycogen. Here is a question for the pros. What's the name

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of the disease that is characterized by deficiency of the myof phosphorase enzyme? If you know, comment below. We said before that vitamin B6 is the hero of decarboxilation reactions. If you take caroxile group or you take carbon dioxide away from

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histadine, it becomes histamine. If you take CO2 away from tyrrosine, it becomes tyramine. Tyramine is present in many foods such as red wine and cheese. I had a pharmacology professor who was French.

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He always chuckled when he told us about the drug interaction between the MAO inhibitors and tyramine containing food.

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Why do people get vitamin B6 deficiency? A common reason is that your doctor is a doofus. You had tuberculosis. your doctor prescribed is one of the problems of isonia and they are many is that it interferes with vitamin B6. It can lead

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to vitamin B6 deficiency. And that's why a good doctor should always prescribe vitamin B6 with isid because is alone can lead to vitamin B6 deficiency to the point that many pharmaceutical companies decided you know what many doctors are

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doofuses. Let's just combine every isid we make with vitamin B6 in one pill. Hopefully doctors do not find a way to mess this up. Let's say that I suffer from vitamin B6 deficiency. What's going to happen to me? Vitamin B6 is important

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for decarboxilation. Without it, I lose my dopa decarboxilase, which is important to make neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and in the adrenal medal epinephrine as well. Without vitamin B6, I might suffer from ceteroplastic anemia and homocyanmia.

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I've talked about each one of these topics in a separate video. Here is vitamin B6 in a nutshell. It's a co-enzyme for trans aminasis and phosphorases and decarboxilasis. It helps you make proteins, carbs, lipids, serotonins sphingoin GABA dopamine

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histamine, hem, glutathione, niacin and even pyrooxal phosphate or PLP. Vitamin B6 deficiency can be caused by isonizer prescription. This deficiency can lead to nerve problems, anemia and homocyinemmia.

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After B6 enters B7. If B6 was the hero of decarboxilation, then B7 is the hero of caroxilation.

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Aviden is an antivitamin. What the hell is an antivitamin? It's a chemical that inhibits the absorption or the action of a vitamin. Avidin hates biotin. Avidin exists in raw egg white. If you eat raw egg white a lot, avidin will inhibit

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your ability to absorb vitamin B7 in your gut and you will suffer from vitamin B7 deficiency. Why is vitamin B7 important? It's a famous co-enzyme for caroxilasis in the caroxilation reactions. Sources of vitamin B7 are many. Pause and review. Why do I need

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caroxilation in my life? Well, well, well. Carboxilation helps us make methylmelon COA as well as oxallo acidic acid. I've talked about these compounds in my biochemistry playlist. They are part of energy formation and metabolism.

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Deficiency of vitamin B7 can lead to dermatitis which is inflammation of the skin, glossitis, inflammation of the tongue, interitis, inflammation of the gut or the intestines, alopeesia which means hair loss. From now on, you should not utter this B word. You are an

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educated, sophisticated person. Say alopecia instead. It will make you sound way smarter than you actually are. After B7, there is no B8. Again, bad naming system. It doesn't exist. It's not an actual vitamin. We should go to vitamin

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B9 and then vitamin B12. But let's take a break and talk about vitamin C ascorbic acid. Vitamin C ascorbic acid for hydroxilation reactions. Here is a great pneumonic to help you remember which mineral or vitamin or molecule gets absorbed where.

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So first you should iron your clothes, then you fold them, then you put them in the closet. Because we absorb iron first, that's the douadinum. Then we absorb folate that's in the finally we absorb cobbalamin that's in the terminal

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illium. Vitamin C helps convert the feric iron to the ferrris iron. Which one is more easily absorbed? The answer is Fe2. Neonic time. Fe2 goes into the blood. Sources of vitamin C are many including lemon, lime, oranges, bananas,

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etc. Functions of vitamin C. It's an antioxidant. It aids in iron absorption. As we have seen, it helps the fibroblast, the osteoblasts in order to make connective tissue in order to make bones respectively. It helps with the hydroxilation. Remember vitamin C,

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hydroxilation of the proline and lysine residues, which is going to help us make collagen. The C goes with the C.

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Hydroxilation of dopamine to nor adrenaline. hydroxilation of tryptophan to serotonin, hydroxilation of tyrrosine into homogenistic acid as well as helping in reduction oxidation reactions. I've talked about the collagen synthesis pathway in a separate video. Here is vitamin C helping with

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the hydroxilation process. Vitamin C deficiency is seen in a disease known as scurvy. Here is vitamin C helping with the hydroxilation of dopamine into norepinephrine or nor adrenaline. This happens in the adrenal medulla. It also happens in the sympathetic nerves. In

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the era of British voyages, the captain of the sailors noticed that 40% of his sailors died. Many of them bled to death. What was going on? Until they discovered that because when they go on the voyage, they run out of fresh lemon

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and oranges, etc. They were fresh at the beginning of the trip, but because the trip is long and it takes weeks and months and months and months, they ran out of fresh fruits and they developed vitamin C deficiency or scurvy. Once he

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discovered that, he tried to convince all the sailors to eat more fresh fruits and vegetables, especially lemon and lime and oranges. But he could not convince them in the beginning. The sailors were like, "Who are you to tell

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us what to eat?" So he pulled out a very astute psychological trick. He gathered the leaders, the elites of the ship, and they sat in a circle and kept eating some of the special food as he called it. And they made a circle and they did

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not tell the rest of the sheep. The rest of the sheep observed this behavior and said, "Why are these elites eating some special food that they are not giving us? What are they hiding from us?" Then the captain said, "Do you want some?

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Take some." "Oh yeah, we want some." So they ate and scurvy disappeared. Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency are many. I've talked about them in great detail in my video titled vitamin C.

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Here are the most important ones. Bleeding everywhere. That's scurvy for you. Echimosis, retroorbital bleed, intraranial bleed, bleeding everywhere.

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And here is a fun fact. The only disease in medicine that makes the straight hair curly is scurvy. I'm not talking about people who are born with curly hair. No, no, no, no. I'm talking about people who are born with a straight hair that later

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becomes curly. If this happens to you, this is a sign of scurvy. How many doctors know that? Not many. Here's a question for the pros. Why do we use vitamin C in the treatment of met hemoglobinia? If you know, please

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comment below. We're done with vitamin C. Now, let's talk about folate or vitamin B9. The sources of folate are many, particularly green leafy vegetables. Functions. It transfers one carbon units. This is important for many, many, many biochemical processes.

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It also helps with DNA synthesis, which helps with cell division, which helps with making red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. #heimetopoesis.

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And that's why without folate, what do you get? You get no red blood cells, a condition known as anemia. No white blood cells, lucopenia, and no platelets, thrombocytoenia. Put them together, it's panzyenia. You eat green leafy vegetables and make your mother

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proud. Amazing. Here's the folate in your blood in the form of tetrahydroofolate, but it's bound to methyl. So, it's methyl THF. Methyl is like a hot potato. No one likes that methyl. So the THF is going to throw

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that methyl onto the B12. Now the THF is free without the methyl group. B12 will say, "Why are you dumping the methyl on me? I don't want it." So the B12 will dump the methyl group on homocyine.

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Now B12 is free from the methyl group. Once you dump the methyl group on homocyine, homocyine will become methionine via a famous enzyme known as homocyine methyl transferase or methionine synthes because it makes methionin. Back to the THF story. After getting rid of the hot

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potato, THF is now free. Free to do what? To perform this famous folate cycle, which will help us make a DNA and RNA. and then cell division. In this folate cycle, there is a very famous enzyme known as dihydropholate reductase

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which is inhibited by many medications such as methtoresate the anti-cancer drug such as trimethopre the antibacterial drug such as pyromethamine the antiparasitic drug its anti-toxopplasmosis.

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Part of this folate cycle is another enzyme known as methylene THF reductase and you need vitamin B2 as a co-actor for that. Vitamins just like people need each other. What are the symptoms of folate deficiency? Again anemia, lucopenia, thrombocytoenia. Together we

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call them panscytoenia. During the intrauterine life, folate deficiency can lead to neural tube defects such as spinobipida, minenucil, myo minenucil.

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The last one, vitamin B12 or cobalamin. Why do we call it cobalamin? It's a reference to the element cobalt which you can find in the periodic table.

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Where do we absorb vitamin B12? The answer is in the terminal illium. In order to absorb vitamin B12, you need the presence of the intrinsic factor made by the parietal cells in the stomach. The parietal cells in the

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stomach are the same cells that make hydrochloric acid or HCL. Sources of vitamin B12 are many including fish, clams, organ meat, beef, turkey, chicken, and many others. Why do we need vitamin B12? For DNA synthesis, which helps in cell replication? That's why if

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I have vitamin B12 deficiency, I can develop anemia, lucopenia and thrombocytoenia. Put them together pansyenia. You need vitamin B12 to convert methylmelcoa to suinal coa to convert homocyine to methionine which is very important to make thamine which is

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one of the nitrogenous bases in DNA and much more. Why do people get vitamin B12 deficiency? First, you need to know the normal before you can learn about the abnormal. Let me talk about normal vitamin B12 absorption. In order for you

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to have a robust level of vitamin B12, first you need to eat it by eating beef, fish, chicken, etc. Then you need your salivary glands. Why? To create the salivary amalayise. Why? To sever the relationship between vitamin B12 or the

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cobbalamin in the diet and the animal protein. You need to separate the vitamin B12 from the rest of the animal protein. Okay, I separated them. Now what? Now the vitamin B12 will bind something known as the R protein. Where

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did that R protein come from? The answer is from the salivary glands. Next, you need the intrinsic factor from the parietital cells of the stomach. There you go. That's the orange part. You need your pancreatic enzymes to sever the

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relationship between the B12 and the salivary R protein. Once you separate the B12 from the R protein, now the B12 is free to bind the intrinsic factor made by the parietal cells of the stomach. Then you're going to absorb

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vitamin B12 in the terminal illium. Once vitamin B12 reaches the blood, it will be carried on the shoulder of transcobalamin protein. Who made that? What do you think? The liver, of course. Most of your biochemistry textbook takes place

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in the liver. When in doubt, say liver. Who makes albumin? Liver. Globulin. Liver. Who metabolizes your drugs?

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Liver. Who makes cholesterol? Liver. Who stores glycogen? Liver. Who performs glycogenolysis? Liver. Gluconneogenesis. Liver. Who makes bile and bile acids and bile salts and cholesterol? Liver. Who conjugates the bilerubin? Liver. Who makes transferin and transcortin and transcobalamin? Liver. Which means that

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you need your liver. All of this is needed in order for you to have normal levels of vitamin B12 in the blood. And that's why a problem in any one of these aspects can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency, including malnutrition if

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you're not eating it. This is relatively common in strict vegans. I'm not saying that every vegan has vitamin B12 deficiency. It is just a risk factor. If I'm elderly or malnourished or breastfed, if mommy is B12 deficient.

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Next, you need your salivary glands. What if I have chronic scaleditis? Say goodbye to B12. Chronic saladinitis can happen in shogrin syndrome. What if I have a stomach disease? Say goodbye to the intrinsic factor. This can be seen

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in pernicious anemia, a chlorhydria, gastractomy and all sorts of nasty antibodies attacking the parietal cells or attacking the intrinsic factor. There are antiparietal cell antibodies and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies. Next, you need your pancreas. without the pancreas, say goodbye to B12. What if I

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have chronic pancreatitis? What if I have pancreatic insufficiency? What if I have cystic fibrosis? By the way, do you know why we call it cystic fibrosis? Oh, yeah. Because we have cysts in the lung and fibrosis in the lungs. Shut up.

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That's nonsense. We call it cystic fibrosis because we have cysts in the pancreas and fibrosis in the pancreas.

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Next, prolonged use of antibiotics can wipe out the normal bacteria flora in the intestines. This can lead to vitamin deficiency. What if you do not have a terminal ilium? Maybe it has been removed in a surgery or maybe it has

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been destroyed by Crohn's disease. Or maybe there is a nasty parasite, the famous fish tapeworm or dyobrium latum living in my terminal ilium and eating my vitamin B12. That's not good. What if I have liver disease, cerosis of the

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liver? you will not be able to make transcopalamin which means you will not be able to transport vitamin B12 throughout the body. The story of homocyine is pretty important. Homocyine needs vitamin B12 in order to become methionine and it needs vitamin B6 in

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order to become cyionine. So whether I have vitamin B12 deficiency or vitamin B6 deficiency the end result is accumulation of homocyine.

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This causes homocyineia and then homocyineura which is a terrible disease that can lead to heart attacks, strokes, atherosclerosis, intellectual disability and much more. I've talked about homocyinemmia in a separate video in this biochemistry playlist. Finally, let's compare between folate deficiency

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and vitamin B12 deficiency which is a very common exam question. Which deficiency can cause anemia? The answer is both. Which deficiency can cause pansyenia? Meaning anemia and lucopenia and thrombocytoenia? The answer is both of them. If I have anemia, what's going

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to happen to my red blood cell count? Low in both. How about hemoglobin concentration? Low in both. How about the hematocrid value? Low in both. What type of anemia do I get? Macroitic megaloblastic anemia with each one. How

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about the MCV? The mean corpuscular volume which is basically the volume or the size of the red blood cell. I said macroitic so we have big red blood cells. They are bigger in size but fewer in number. Reticular sites are baby red

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blood cells. If you cannot divide your cells because you cannot make DNA and RNA, then cell division is gone, including the production of baby red blood cells, the reticular sites, and mature red blood cells, which are also low. How about neurological symptoms in

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addition to the anemia? You only see neurological symptoms in adults with vitamin B12 deficiency, not in adults with folate deficiency. Why do you say adults? because I do not want you to confuse this with the intrauterine neural tube defects which only happens

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with folate not B12. How about homocyine levels in the blood elevated in both folate deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency? But here is the big difference. How about the level of methyl melanic acid or methyl malcoa in the blood? normal with folate deficiency

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but high in B12 deficiency. So here is a pneumonic. Vitamin B12 deficiency will have elevation of both the homocyine and the methyl malco. Here is another pneumonic. In vitamin B12 deficiency you will have both anemia and neurological symptoms. It affects both the hematology

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and the neurology. Which one can be associated with a hydria? This can only lead to vitamin B12 deficiency because it's a problem in the stomach. How about auto antibodies? Attacking the parietal cells or attacking the intrinsic factors. This can only lead to vitamin

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B12 deficiency. How about atrophic gastritis? Again, it's in the stomach. So only with B12 deficiency. How about gastric cancer? Again, it's a problem in the stomach. So vitamin B12 deficiency.

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Serum gastrin may be abnormal in vitamin B12 deficiency. Why? Because when your stomach is toasted, gastrin will shout louder. How can I manage folate deficiency? If your patient lacks folate, give the patient folate. Genius.

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How can I manage B12 deficiency? If your patient lacks B12, give the patient B12.

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Give the patient what he needs. This concludes our discussion of water soluble vitamins. The fats soluble vitamins were discussed in a separate video. Choline is not a vitamin, but it behaves like a vitamin. It walks like a duck and it quacks like a duck. I've

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talked about choline in a separate video. Every professional should know the symptoms of choline deficiency.

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Let's review the water soluble vitamins in 1 minute. Vitamin B1 deficiency will give you berry berry wet with CHF and edema. Dry with neuropathy. Don't forget the vernicki corsoff syndrome. Vitamin B2 or riboflavin deficiency will give you stomatitis, angular stomatitis,

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keitis and glossitis. Vitamin B3 or niacin deficiency will give you pelagra with the three Ds diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and finally death. Vitamin B6 or pyrooxin deficiency will give you neuropathy. Vitamin B7 or biotin deficiency will give you alopecia, skin

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problems, tongue problems and GI problems. Vitamin B9 or folate deficiency will give you macroitic megaloblastic anemia without neurological symptoms before birth. It causes neural tube defects. Vitamin B12 or kbalamin deficiency will give you macroitic megaloplastic anemia and neurological symptoms. Deficiency of

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vitamin C or ascorbic acid a condition known as scurvy will lead to bleeding everywhere, echimosis everywhere and coiled hair. Prolonged use of antibiotics can be dangerous. But if used properly, antibiotics can save lives. You can learn about the

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antibacterials antivirals antifungals and antiparasitic medications when you download my antibiotics course at medicosisperfictionalis.com. It comes with videos, notes, and cases.

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If you value what I do, help me make more videos by supporting the channel.

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Go to buymeacop.com/medosis. There are more than 750 premium videos available on this channel when you click the join button and choose the highest tier. Please subscribe, hit the bell, smash like, support my channel on Patreon, PayPal or Venmo, go to my

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website to download my courses, notes and cases, or if you would like me to personally tutor you. Be safe, stay happy, study hard. This is mitosis perfect where medicine, chemistry, math and physics make perfect sense.

Topics:water-soluble vitaminsvitamin B1thiaminvitamin B2riboflavinvitamin B3niacinvitamin B5pantothenic acidvitamin B7

What are water-soluble vitamins and why are they important?

Water-soluble vitamins include the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C. They are essential micronutrients that act as coenzymes in metabolic reactions and must be regularly consumed because they are not stored extensively in the body.

What are the main functions of vitamin B1 (thiamin)?

Vitamin B1 acts as a coenzyme in decarboxylation and redox reactions, primarily through its active form thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is crucial for energy metabolism.

What clinical conditions can result from deficiencies in vitamins B9 and B12?

Deficiencies in folate (B9) and cobalamin (B12) can lead to anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia due to impaired DNA synthesis and cell division, resulting in pancytopenia.

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