Speaker A
Good evening. Let's remember what it is and go back to the times of the fall of the Roman Empire. We talked about it a lot.
Explores the fall of Roman Britain, the rise of Anglo-Saxons, and the formation of early England amid Celtic and Pictish conflicts.
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Key Takeaways
- Roman Britain experienced a unique decline due to early military withdrawal and internal Celtic conflicts.
- England's name and early identity are tied to Anglo tribes migrating from continental Europe.
- The struggle in Britain was largely between Romanized and non-Romanized Celtic groups, not just Romans versus barbarians.
- Geography and climate influenced migration patterns and tribal pressures in early medieval Britain.
- The foundations for England's future political landscape were laid during this turbulent post-Roman period.
What the video covers
- Discusses the fall of the Roman Empire and its impact on Britain, which was distinct from continental Europe.
- Explains that England was named after the Anglo tribes who originated from Northern Germany near Jutland.
- Describes the local Celtic populations including the Britons, Scots, and Picts, with emphasis on Pictish culture and their resistance.
- Details the Roman military withdrawal from Britain around 409-410 AD, leaving the province vulnerable to northern tribes.
- Covers the mass relocation of Romanized Britons to Brittany in modern France due to increasing pressure in Britain.
- Highlights the conflict between Romanized Celts and non-Romanized Celts rather than a simple Roman vs barbarian narrative.
- Explores the strategic challenges posed by Picts who bypassed Roman fortifications by sea raids along the coast.
- Mentions the natural resources of Britain such as forests and iron that attracted Roman interest despite limited conquest.
- Touches on the role of Druids in native Celtic religion and their cultural significance during Roman times.
- Sets the stage for later historical developments including Viking invasions and the eventual formation of the Kingdom of England.
Chapters
- 00:00Introduction and Fall of Roman Empire in Britain
- 09:54Natural Resources and Roman Interests in Britain
- 16:13Invasion and Migration Patterns in Europe
- 24:26Life in Post-Roman Britain and Tribal Conflicts
- 34:14Decline of Roman Ideology and Rise of New Powers
- 52:19Viking Influence and Continued Struggles
- 67:38Medieval Society and Cultural Interactions
- 76:09Formation of Early English Kingdoms
Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown
Speaker A
There were several streams, both in the Christian aspect and in the Gothic kingdoms. And we had a stream on the Franks, on the Carolingians. England is a separate song in general. Everything happened differently there. England is a bit different from the processes that took place in the former
Speaker A
Roman Empire in the 5th century and beyond. The problem is that there is no England in Britain yet. England will take its name from the Anglo tribes, which, as you can see, are currently in the early 5th century. They are being respawned in Northern Germany. A little bit south
Speaker A
of Jutland. And England will be named after the immigrants. They will give it a name later. At the moment we know only Britain. The Roman province of Britain. And the problem is that in Britain, in the Roman province of Britain, problems started
Speaker A
even earlier than on the continent. Because it was always... It is quite far away. Never fully into Rome and did not get involved local Celtic population to the Brits this is Celtic tribes let's say so Celtic culture there were also many different and call them of course that's how
Speaker A
we call here they were all Brits and means in Ireland lived the Scots and in the north lived the Picts this is of course awesome wide masts in fact For example, today we will talk a lot about Picts. What
Speaker A
are Picts, the Celtic tribes of Picts? Picts in Latin are simply "decorated". It is clear that based on the fact that this category of people tattoos themselves and draws all sorts of drawings on themselves, It's hard to distinguish ethnic groups based on that. The Romans saw that
Speaker A
it was customary to wear a coat of paint in the north. So they called them "picts" - painted. In reality, they were different tribes. Their descendants would later create different kingdoms. They were quite distinctly different. When the great relocation of peoples begins,
Speaker A
As we've already said, one of the reasons is the cold. And the cold, this small climatic pessimism of the early Middle Ages, it primarily affects the Northern region. It affects Scandinavia, Jutland and the territory of modern Scotland. Back then it was not Scotland, it was not
Speaker A
even Caledonia. Something. That is, all the modern borders, ethnicities, nationalities, they have not yet completely developed. Just during today's stream, we will see how all these parts are formed, we know. And in general, the northern tribes of the Picts, let's say, they start the pressure from
Speaker A
the north on the Roman walls. Remember, we talked about the fact that Rome was practicing the construction of walls, since it was not able to fix the entire island, so it had to build the Adrianoval, it had to build various
Speaker A
other fortifications, and now the In the 4th century, the pressure on Roman fortifications starts. And Britain is getting worse. Again, this is something that the continent has not experienced. As you remember, the Roman garrisons remained on the continent. They could be
Speaker A
controlled by barbarians or someone else. And in Britain, a very interesting thing happens because of the civil war that takes place on the continent. At some point Flavius Tilihon, one of the participants of the Civil War in the rapidly collapsing Roman
Speaker A
Empire, makes such a decision: "You know what? All legions, all garrisons, all armed forces of Britain, Roman forces that are in Britain, the 6th Legion and everything else, from there I need to remove them. I need them on the continent."
Speaker A
And in 409-410 he declares the withdrawal of the Roman contingent from Britain. And it turns out that he reads Wikipedia, no, I don't read Wikipedia. And it turns out to be a very interesting thing, because the local Celtic Roman
Speaker A
population, who lives in cities in the Roman, baths in Roman baths, after all, the elites have adopted the Roman culture to a considerable extent. They say, "Wait, what about us? And who will protect us from the increasing pressure from the
Speaker A
north? And who will protect Adrian in Val? No one will protect." But some attempts to protect the local population are being made. Basically, they are offered the following: a program of mass relocation from Britain to the territory of modern
Speaker A
France begins. In 1410, the Roman Empire was in a trance. Well, yes, but it will be in trance for another 60 years, Eugene Twitch. And as we discussed, in fact, Rome did not end when the existence of the Roman
Speaker A
emperors. The Roman Empire as a system of governance still remains on the continent. It will slowly give up its positions. And the kingdom of the Ostgotes will still build Roman buildings. We have already talked about this. On the continent, Rome slowly disappears. And in Britain, firstly, it withdraws all its
Speaker A
troops. Secondly, the relocation to the British province begins. It's called that way in France. Even in the north of modern France there is the area of Brittany. This is an area where the indigenous population of the Brits, who
Speaker A
are Romanized, who recognize the Roman culture, but do not understand that now there will be a disaster on the territory of the former Roman province, they begin to move there en masse. That is, they run. But not everyone
Speaker A
runs. Many start to organize themselves in some communities. They start to create defensive squads. They start to resist people in the north. That's why they fell from this island. Something like that. And a very interesting fact is that
Speaker A
They even manage to somehow establish some resistance or even cooperation with those Celtic non-Romanized.
Speaker A
In fact, yes, this is a confrontation of Romanized Celts, not so much a confrontation of Rome and dirty barbarians, as it is often drawn and as it was sometimes on the continent. In fact, it's a confrontation between Romanized Celts and
Speaker A
non-Romanized Celts. Roughly speaking, the Celts who still dye their hair and body, and those who don't dye their hair anymore, but go to the bathhouse and shave their beards. And the confrontation between them is what we see in the 4th and 5th centuries. Everything
Speaker A
gets worse when Picts understand that they can not storm the walls of the Adryanov Val, but just move around. Just swim. This is an ideal solution, but it makes the situation even worse on the island. Because they begin
Speaker A
to swim and rob the coast. And here, already here, a pattern is laid out, a pattern, a template is laid out, let's say a template, which we will see from time to time, repeating in history. We will see the
Speaker A
same thing. The location of Britain is very much in line with the idea of swimming along its shores, waiting for the storm in its many cozy bays, and then sailing to some city, a trading port, and wonderfully robbing it. and then wait for another nice bay, then
Speaker A
swim further and dig something else. This beautiful template, which will work for thousands of years in all fields, is being laid out now. El Tomato asks: "What was originally needed for the Romans on the islands? There is nothing interesting there." Well, how not? I do not agree. First, there is
Speaker A
a forest in England, secondly, There is iron. There may not be such a thing as easy to extract stone. I mean, some kind of gold, maybe in this sense, there was no rich population that could be robbed. Well, yes. That's why Rome did not advance so far, never captured the whole
Speaker A
island. Rome lived by expansion. Rome always lived by conquering new territories and expansion. Rome could not but come to the Evangelion. Rome came everywhere in its history where it could, where it was allowed, where it was allowed to pass by the legions. But,
Speaker A
yes, evil druids were not allowed to pass through Britain in England. Indeed, the native Celtic population, you know, professed druidism. And evil druids, and evil druids, which are women druids, and not creatures from computer games. Yes, druids, that's
Speaker A
what it means. who prayed to the trees and sacred groves, but they were in order. Druids are not only religious leaders who walk
Speaker A
Celtic culture, but the Druid power was so strong that we even have a Roman description of how two tribes of the Celts could fight each other. For example, some Picts fight against each other. And in the heat of the battle,
Speaker A
a Druid may appear on the battlefield and come and say: "Come on, come on, throw everything away! Kysh! Sh! Sha!" They threw axes, they split up, and they probably could have listened to him. Throw axes, split up, start
Speaker A
discussing, maybe our conflict can be settled peacefully, and so on. That is, the druid authority, it was always quite high among the Celts. And, including because they could organize some to organize organized resistance, including that's why many managed to give resistance to the Romans. That's why the Romans didn't capture the whole
Speaker A
of Britain. For example, they didn't capture Ireland at all. They didn't capture Well, Northern England. Well, in general, many Celts who even lived on the territory of the Roman province, they were not Romanized. They still believed in their "dubes" -
Speaker A
sorcerers. They still, in general, well, that is, they did not perceive the Roman religions in any way. And to England, interestingly, many political ones ran. Some things probably do not change, but indeed, from Rome many Christians who felt that their thoughts
Speaker A
could be heretical or just to establish their own sect, always went to the edge.
Speaker A
Remember, we said, we were going all the time to Syria, somewhere else, to the south of Egypt, that is, we always went somewhere to the edge of the empire, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge,
Speaker A
to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge,
Speaker A
to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge,
Speaker A
to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge,
Speaker A
to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge,
Speaker A
to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge,
Speaker A
to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge, to the edge,
Speaker A
to the edge, And one of the borders of such an empire was Britain. So, there were some distant monastic communities in large numbers. They were rewriting the Latin texts and were engaged in their usual monastic life. When for some reason... No, probably the geochrome will be
Speaker A
hard to see. Let's take the map of the relocation. Because in the 5th century, it becomes so restless on the continent. Such movements begin on the continent.
Speaker A
If you remember, the Huns came there. That is, on the continent, Attila and his Huns are raging. On the continent... Vandals, Goths, Franks move. And in general, this whole brigade that we considered and that made a lot of noise in history and left a big mark, they are
Speaker A
doing the disassembly between themselves, with Rome, and the continent has become a very restless place. So restless that many northern tribes simply begin to relocate to Britain. Yes, those who remembered Rome run from Britain. They really, as you can see, the Brits really move
Speaker A
to Britain. It's like the Romanized Celts. But the holy place is not empty. From Saxony, Germany, and from Jutland, they begin to arrive on the island with a larger and larger flow.
Speaker A
How to call them? Let's call them "villagers". So, the guys who are like this: they land, they sail with families, groups, tribes, absolutely different, maybe 6 people on a boat, land on the shore, look and say: "Hmm, there's a lot of grass here", and
Speaker A
in Britain there's really a lot of grass, and start to make this land. Some Celts pass by and ask: "And who are you?" And we, for example, the English, we live here now. We do whatever we want. Let's cut you down there. Let's do it. You
Speaker A
won't cut everyone down. And so it turns out that we will have a description later, and you could hear from history that often invasions, often relocations and migrations, They often try to portray the mass invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of
Speaker A
Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe,
Speaker A
the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the
Speaker A
invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion
Speaker A
of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of
Speaker A
Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe,
Speaker A
the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the
Speaker A
invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion
Speaker A
of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of Europe, the invasion of It was more often in private order. There was no serious organization of these settlers. There were just a lot of them. They ran away from the cold
Speaker A
and from what was happening there. But We are facing a nuisance. They didn't pursue the goal of conquering someone. They didn't even know what was waiting for them.
Speaker A
They just knew that to sail to the island... I don't know, you've seen movies about zombie apocalypse. What do they do most often in a zombie apocalypse to save themselves? They look for a boat to sail to the island away from all this
Speaker A
chaos. The same thing happens... By the way, the Frieze are still active in England, it's the territory of the modern Netherlands, but for some reason they don't talk about them at all. They say "England, Saxon, and Jute", although the Friezes swam in a
Speaker A
small number and participated in this process in the same way. Moreover, we even have problems with determining who settled where. Because, for example, there are no Jutes in South Sussex, in South England. The culture that the Jutes will create in the South of
Speaker A
England was not in Jutland at that time. That is, roughly speaking, we have a strange situation in general. That only after arriving in England, the Jutes became Jutes. From which we can draw such an unorthodox conclusion. that there was no real
Speaker A
migration of any tribe to any specific geographical location. And from this terrible chaos, when evil painted Picts run from the north, Scots come from Ireland and also like to rob, also of the Celtic culture, Local Brits who sailed, who tried to
Speaker A
organize some resistance or leave some Roman city, like Eboracum, a big Roman city, they try to somehow preserve its functioning. Or the same Londinium, they try to somehow preserve its functioning. Plus, these various Germanic tribes are still coming.
Speaker A
And somehow in the 5th, 6th Even in the 7th century, they constantly mixed, they create the culture that we can now call "Oh, the Utahs have come". There was no such identification as just "Youths have come". But from those
Speaker A
who organized there, they all had to somehow negotiate. With the help of the axe and sword, of course, but also with the help of some negotiations, gestures, something else, of course. The question is: why did the Scots break off
Speaker A
their land? Scots are in such chaos, it's a great condition for a robbery. Everyone is running, there are few people to defend themselves, and the Scots are actively robbing.
Speaker A
The Scots will be able to settle in the North, and the Scots will then even give the name of the northern part of Britain, Scotland. But Scots are Irish tribes, don't confuse it Scots are Irish tribes, after all Yes, yes,
Speaker A
on the continent they say that there are Huns and everything else Why are there Scots and Altamatt in Ireland? Well, like this I mean, those maps that we are used to, that we have some England, we have some Scotland, Ireland At that time, nothing was wrong, everything was just building
Speaker A
up And do you understand what is happening? Firstly, in this chaos, let's list the difference with the continent. Who conquered the Roman Empire? It was Goths, Franks and all the others. You remember that they were primarily Christians. That is, the barbarians who conquered the continental Rome,
Speaker A
they knew the Roman culture very well. The barbarians were often appointed by Roman generals. They served as federates in the Roman armies for centuries before that. They knew Rome very well. They knew the value of Latin. They themselves were Christians and understood the meaning of writing in Latin
Speaker A
in order to preserve the Holy Scriptures. They understood how Rome was arranged. They tried to live the same way. Well, as far as their barbaric nature and organization helped them. Remember, they try to write laws in the Burgundian Kingdom and
Speaker A
for this they try to use Latin. because they don't have their own written language. There is nothing like that in England. Because those barbarians who migrate to England, in the first place, we say, well, that is, the Celts, it is clear, decorated,
Speaker A
where do they have their own writing, of course, they have nothing there, who come from the north. But those who come from the continent, just these Friezes, Saxons, Angles, Jutes, they also do not understand what writing is. They faced Rome so much because
Speaker A
They don't speak Latin, they are not Christians, they are definitely the German Pantheon. That is, it's Wotan, Thor and everything you know. That is, the classic German Pantheon they bring with them to England.
Speaker A
They don't understand why Latin is needed, why these beautiful churches are needed, why to pray to your God Christ. They don't understand any of this. Plus, they didn't participate in the Roman trade, their monetary system is also alien to them.
Speaker A
And the real Dark Ages, the real Dark Ages, which historians have told you about, which you were told about at school. We have already discussed that on the continent the Dark Ages do not come. There are people who know how to write, who know something, a certain Roman tradition is
Speaker A
preserved, of course, mixed with something. But nevertheless, the real Dark Ages come in England. The 6th century, the 7th century. This is the time when... Look what is happening here. Firstly, I've said it several times already, firstly, and I've never said it
Speaker A
again, secondly, but firstly, Christianity is completely disappearing. Christianity for a couple of centuries is just disappearing from the whole island. It didn't exist. Christians who tried to sit somewhere there, and there were quite a lot of Christians in Britain. They run to the
Speaker A
west. To the west, in the sense, to the territory of modern Wales, to the territory of Cornwall, to the south, and to Ireland very actively. And their preaching in Ireland, there is Saint Patrick, I know you heard, and all this.
Speaker A
Just the same saints, they come from Ireland, not from England, precisely because at this moment In the 1400s and 1500s, some kind of intellectual Christian life moves to the West, to Ireland and Wales. And on the territory of what we now call England, there is
Speaker A
no Christianity. This is a mixed Celtic-Germanic paganism. Because of what's happening on the continent, Britain is cut off from it. The trade routes are just broken. There's no one to trade on the continent. You come, you used to buy
Speaker A
bread in a Roman town on the continent for your city in Britain. Now you come there, there are some bearded dudes in pants, not skirts, without any rags on their heads. And they look at you, what did he come to, what do you
Speaker A
want. It turns out that they are some kind of vandals. They came from afar. No, they don't want to sell you bread. And in general, they can understand you only with difficulty. And as a result, it turns out that
Speaker A
this island, on which there was a large population, which communicated with the continent, it simply had nothing to feed. And we even have letters from those who knew Latin from the remaining Romanized Brits. who write letters to the
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continent with requests for help. First of all, "Rome, introduce troops!" Yes, it was still before 476, it was still possible to ask for something from Rome. "Rome, introduce troops! Return the legions! Return normal trade routes! We have nothing to eat!" A monstrous hunger begins. Really, the
Speaker A
hunger that It starts in Britain, despite the fact that the soil is fertile, but many of them are not reproduced. And those that exist, well, that's the problem with them. That's the problem with them, because all these relocations, attacks, the economic system is broken. And in general, there is
Speaker A
a significant economic simplification. Okay, hunger, okay, hunger, but in England the monetary system disappears. You can't buy anything for Roman coins. You come to some Saxon and say: "Here are the coins, and you have grown your beavers, give me your
Speaker A
beavers, eat them, and I'll give you a coin." He doesn't understand why he needs a coin. These people are not accustomed to the monetary system. And some Saxon leader who conquered and plundered another Roman city, he gladly takes these coins, puts them
Speaker A
on his boots and carries them on his chest as a symbol of what the Romans cut off. That's the beauty. And the same Roman coins, many of them, they buy um in a big hall, where, judging by the archaeology, they were digging a huge
Speaker A
hall. A place where they probably met guests and threw these coins in front of them, so that the one who entered would be surprised. Look, look what a prestigious person, look how many coins he has stolen. And they are all
Speaker A
in this hall, so they are all lying there. This was probably cool. You know what happens with the monetary system. And this is a problem, because the economic life is significantly simplified.
Speaker A
Everything is turned into food. Everything that matters is tied to food. Plus, because of hunger and everything. Food becomes the most important thing that can happen to you. It has happened many times in history. The more lands you
Speaker A
take, the more food you can grow. The more people you can feed. So if I have a yard bigger than yours, it's better. And if you have a yard bigger than mine, I'll do everything in the world to go and conquer your yard.
Speaker A
It all leads to such a rupture. And of course, every family, every churban that came to England, of course, it announces its garden almost as an empire, well, a kingdom, so to speak. And when we look at the early medieval British kingdoms that arise here, we
Speaker A
have such a luscious blanket. The fact is that there is no central power. How do you strengthen your authority now? For example, Rome is not behind you, the powerful tribal union is not behind you. And the question arises, ancient as the world: "And who are you?" "Who am I? Who
Speaker A
are you?" And it begins: "Yes, I am the king of Povis, yes, I am the king of Phoebus, yes, I am the king of the southern some birds, and I'm the king there, and you know what I'm the king of? And
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I'm the king of this river, and I'm the king of this tree, and I'm the king of this grass, and in this spirit. And this is where the king or the kingdom is everywhere, this is the most characteristic feature When the 50s started,
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the 6th and 7th centuries. It's a very characteristic feature. Because to understand this... And you know, we made it so convenient and well, we drew the borders. As you understand, there were no such even borders. Today you can protect, and you sit and
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watch your garden. You turned away, and tomorrow someone is already digging your beans or bread from it. and runs away from there because he wants to eat there. Where could you go with your friends and make everyone go crazy? Your power was spread
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there, and there were no agreements, borders, or anything else. Of course, there was no Epamine. Why, if Britain was strongly romanticized... Well, Aquilon. Good question, Aquilion. Oh, I see.
Speaker A
You see, it wasn't much of a romanticization. The Romans, like everywhere else, were primarily a romanticizing the elite. They were people who owned the land. Those who owned the land, they really understood Latin, they were, well, the Romans by culture,
Speaker A
ethnic, they were all the same Brits, but by culture they were the Romans. But those who worked on the land, or most of the slaves, or all these, they did not have time to master the Roman culture.
Speaker A
Therefore, when there was no master, when there was no person who would spread the Roman power on them, Roman means you live in Rome we have everything arranged like this yes, even in England, actually built Roman villas it would seem they are cold or for villas which you know the design
Speaker A
of the classic Roman villa in which natural slabs that blew through the house in general It seems to be cool in England for this. No, they built the same classic Roman villas. They did everything like the Romans, because according to the culture, they
Speaker A
were the Romans. But as soon as these people are knocked down by the water, as soon as they are not there, maybe they were killed, maybe they moved, maybe they ran away. It turns out that the local Celts are very attached to the lifestyle of their ancestors.
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And this is well confirmed by the fact that many Celts who remained begin to leave the Roman cities. The Roman cities fall because What is a Roman city for the Romans? What is a classical Roman city? It is a trading point
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where you take the rights, that is, the whole jurisprudence and trade takes place. And for this the city needs to be Roman. It is not particularly strengthened, it does not serve such points. And now we see that the Celts Local population started to
Speaker A
actively settle down abandoned hill forts. These are forts of their ancestors of Iron Age. These ancestors were conquered by Romanians at the border. Brits were driven out of such forts. These forts were abandoned for 400 years, for 200-300 years. And
Speaker A
we see an amazing thing that during the 5th, 6th, 7th centuries these forts on the hills begin to settle again. People return to them again. Why? Because there are fewer of them. Firstly, their population has really decreased. It's easier to defend yourself there. And most importantly, all your life,
Speaker A
whether it's a business life or something else, goes not where the city is and where the trade routes intersect, but all your life goes where the man who controls everything sits, who says, "I'll give you a punch in the face if you don't
Speaker A
do what I told you." And he's comfortable sitting in such a fort. And there, it means, all your life passes. Yes, such a fort cannot protect an ordinary farmer who will make a land somewhere there. Well, sorry, such a time has now come.
Speaker A
Although you were protected, you yourself come to such a fort as a tribute and say that, actually, excuse me, could you provide me with a roof, and here the local shorobani are some kind of yutes, they would be thrown, and you, dear Saxons,
Speaker A
although you came here recently. The Germans also begin to settle such forts. And the structure changes in every way. I wouldn't say about the overall romanization, it's not a topic. But if you look at the reconstruction, how it looked
Speaker A
not in the excavated form, but how it could have looked approximately in those times, well, there are all sorts of reconstructions on the drawings. And in the same buildings that were here, The main leader's chamber. That's where they find all the coins that were stored. And find
Speaker A
all this tin. In general, the nature of power at this moment... Listen, if it's easy to explain something, even I think it's harder for the English to explain it than for people who remember the 90s well. Because at this moment, even if
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the government is still in power, nobody knows that Bernice, or Mercia, or Essex will have a serious government. Nobody knows that yet. The whole government is based on a racket. And in fact, when we talk about what is power, it is a typical racket scheme. That
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is, armed men come to you, they say: "We promise you protection." If you ask "From whom?" And you say "Pay us" Pay with food, of course You give us some percentage of what you grow "From whom will you protect me, gentlemen?" If you don't pay us, you'll have to
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protect us If you don't give us And if you give us, we'll protect you from someone And this is a typical racketeering system There are no other reasons for power, except that if you don't give me food now, I'll just cut you up. It doesn't exist and will not exist
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for centuries. That is, for us it is easy, we sit and say the 5th, 6th, 7th centuries. 5th, 6th, 7th centuries. 5th, 6th, 7th centuries. In fact, for 1.5-2 centuries, it is completely gone. That's why the Dark Ages. Everything that
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was not worked hard, We have a rollback in Britain. At the same time, the population is terribly mixed. Genetically, it was believed that the Germans came and just organized the Holocaust. In the sense, they organized genocide. Now, genetically, it turns out that the part of the Celtic population is quite
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high. But the Celtic population was in decline. It had long been conquered by Rome. His elite was long ago romanticized and did not associate itself with the Celts. And then comes the new dominant Germanic culture from Germanic tribes. Which have leaders, which have an elite, and it is
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still Germanic. It has not changed its Germans, like the Romans or someone else. And so it is planted massively. It turns out that even during assimilation, the language gradually becomes Because to explain Saxon why he speaks Latin...
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Thank you, Sus. It's hard, he doesn't understand why he speaks Latin. And he doesn't know how to know it. And that's how German is used.
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And I say, it's amazing, it's again one of the big things that distinguishes England from the continent. If you remember, the Germans, the Franks, the Germanic tribes, came to the territory of modern France and romanized. Still, the modern French language is all
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Romanic languages. The Italian modern... It seems that the Lombards, the Ostgoths, the Germans came. But they began to speak Italian, they began to speak in Latin, just like the Franks began to speak in Latin. And the Ostgoths in Spain began to speak in Latin. And in England, no. The
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English language still remains, well, it belongs to the group of Germanic languages. And the Old English was a pure Germanic language, similar to the modern Germanic languages in Scandinavia or in Germany. It was just a dialect, roughly speaking. And
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the knights of the round table before or after this Triptolemus, you won't believe, is a great question. Just the most important one. Probably you knew something about this topic.
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Because the question is the most important. After all, in this era we have a myth about King Arthur, which, of course, is 99.99%. This figure is fictional.
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But, for one hundredth, this is still a description. It is clear that later in the medieval tradition the myth of King Arthur will be overgrown with all sorts of Merlins, Mansons, all sorts of swords in stone, all sorts of Excaliburs and so on. It is clear
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that we are not talking about magic, about the lake and all that. The myth of King Arthur is the root of this phenomenon. The fact is that Arthur is, apparently, Celtic. And in the earlier versions, which are still much later than the events described, but
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Arthur is just a romantic Celtic who is trying to contain the invasion of the Germans. And gradually, and this is a tragic story, this is initially, then it will become a knightly epic. But in the beginning it was a sad tradition, a tale about how they beat Germans
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one after another. They were beaten there, beaten there. And indeed, some of us even reached us. We have some chronicles, because many Christians ran to the same Wales, we talked about it, who knew how to write. and they tried to
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make some chronicles, but these are dark ages. We have 10 years of chronicles, in which, as it were, nothing seemed to happen. But because of this, it turns out that We read and try to restore the events. And we have gaps of 10-15
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years between the events that we know. What will you restore there? He writes that today the king went there and killed someone. The next recording in 10 years is completely different names. That is, those whom he wrote 10 years ago, apparently, have already
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all died. The names are completely different. How to compare it with what was 10 years ago is not clear. He does not write how to tie it to something, who is generally related to what. That is, it is very difficult and this is
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certainly a fork in the water. That is, in a good way, the abrature is certainly a myth about the round table. But the story of the confrontation of the Celts with the Germans lies in the basis of the myth. They inflict many defeats
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on the Germans. There are even impressive defeats, strong defeats. They are great, they fought there. Don't think that the Germans came and just plundered everything and there were no Celts. No. But there are fewer Brits. Brits are fewer. And they are still in
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decline. And they retreat further into the forests, further west, further north. They are being driven there. They are still pushed back to the edge. Well, modern Wales is the place where they stayed. And in fact, they are pushed to the very edge.
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They are not able to restore the Roman province. And in the end they die, and their followers are already involved in this paradigm.
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In which I am the king of the stream, and not the descendant of the Romans who lived here. The ideology of the Romans is still dying, it is giving up. Although, there were people who fought for their Roman heritage, but as we know now, they were doomed.
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Then they certainly did not know this, but if they told them, they would have cut off their heads for such words. But the Roman heritage here still dies. It remained, it remained in...
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such a hit in the weapons that were used because, for example, a bright difference if we get there, I don't remember where I showed you here, but here is a bright difference, for example, Anglo-Saxons from any of the
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time, for example, the typical Roman scabbards. I think you will recognize them. They were the same on the late Roman helmets. As you know, the Vikings did not have such things. The Vikings fought without such things. without such slaps. But the
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attempt to protect the face with these typical Roman cheekbones, this remains. These are some echoes, completely unimportant, which are there a little bit, and this is a very small share of influence.
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Plus, don't forget that we also had the Yustinian plague that is raging in Europe at this time. And in the 50s and 40s it comes to England, and here the fun begins too. By the way, the geochrome is being flipped.
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You can see how gradually we are starting... I guess it's the 5th, 6th century, we need to go. We still have these immigrants who come gradually, they...
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start to organize their kingdoms. And all these processes that we described, it takes a lot of time. It takes 1.5-2 centuries. Why do they say that the Anglo-Saxons and the Jutes migrated, and we say Anglo-Saxons? Because the Jutes, as I
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said, it's not clear who they are. That is, it's like just to unite them on the subject that people from Jutland sailed. Well, you don't know.
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We don't know about Yuta's culture. If there was such a mess, why did Wells get into it? Because Wells is just a part of this mess. It's the same as SXSX got into it. They are the same independent at that
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time. Welles had their own identity, they kept their identity. They had something to stick to. Many of them had ancestors on this island. They could say that my ancestors lived here in Iron Age, in Bronze Age, long ago. And they kept it. It was their identification that
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they kept. Maybe even to this day. There are very few parts of Europe like Wales and Basque in Spain. I said that Europe was formed in the late dark ages. When the peoples who lived there mostly came to these territories in the late dark
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ages. And there were very few peoples like the Wallians who lived here before the Great Transition. And Stonehenge is not a side at all.
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Stonehenge is a megalithic construction. It's... 2-3 thousand years before our era. That is, it's a very, very long time ago. It's a long time before the Romans, the Hrylimians. It's a completely different time. That is, the time of the Hange is already at the moment of
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the events discussed. This is also incomprehensible, it is not known why the antiquity was built. And no matter how much they said that it was for astronomy or something else, in fact, it is still unclear what kind of a mess it was
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and why it was built Why didn't the Franks sail to conquer anyone? There were enough problems of their own Saxons were not called to rule, for the earth is great and abundant, and there is no order outside. Isac, do you
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see later, in the 9th century, when we will have such a person who plays the role of Nestor the Littler in England, who is the founder of English historiography? This is a "blessed" man, in English he is a "Venerable Bede".
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And this venerable Bede will write about the arrival of the Jutes and will be the basis for his modern English kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Essex, Kent, Sussex and all the rest. And so he will bring one of the
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versions, an amazingly similar legend, exactly the same legend as with the calling of Rurik, It will lead to the following: when this chaos began, the Picts were coming from the north, and the local population said that they couldn't give themselves the power, they
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couldn't organize themselves, and that's why they had to call on the rulers from Scandinavia. So that they could organize everything here. In short, this is an example of the same legend about Rurik and the calling of the Varyags to Rus'. And then the Normans, the Scandinavians who settle
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in the north of France, will have the same version of the legend, the same thing. That they lived, lived in the northern Franca and suddenly they didn't like something in the empire, they said: "Let the Scandinavians, the Normans, come and rule us." This
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version of medieval legend is characteristic for the whole Middle Ages. So, in principle, with the help of this legend, well, that is, how is it? origin myth, myth of origin. It was characteristic for almost any country of the Middle
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Ages. Is Northumbria an Italian province? No, Eric Hartmann. Northumbria is north of the Hambr. The Hambr is a river in England that divides England in half. And everything that is north is everything that is north of the Hambr. from the Umbrs, so it's called that way.
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So it's just a historical area. In fact, what is called the Northumbria here now, in fact, it was several kingdoms. It was Bernice, well, it was better to see it in this picture. Bernice, Deira, Rigid and all sorts of small ones, from them was the Northumbria. "What, a working
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scheme?" Well, yes, people need to know where they come from. Just like Svener was a bad guy, a very bad one. Because he seems to be a good guy, he wrote a lot. But it turns out that his myth of origin, which existed
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thousands of years after him, and which, roughly speaking, were accepted by faith, is not very much confirmed by archaeology. That is, we do not have these cultures of the Jutes, about which we talked, there is no such consolidated... Well, for example, he did
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not write a word about the Frisians at all, although archaeology confirms that they were actively migrating from the Netherlands to this era. He was putting the origin myth under his modern English. He wrote his modern English well, and everything else was well.
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This is his great merit. And the myth is a myth, why would you mess with it? Tell us about the Zodiac, what they built. Well, of course, there is a stone... I mean, there is a simplification. I don't know how
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much... I think it may not be very interesting. But the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy, in short, let's put it this way, in short, Roman normal construction, two-story, and all this, naturally, disappears completely. Moreover, stone buildings are immediately taken over for the construction of fortifications. And there will be no good stone
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buildings until the king of Ofva, until Alfred the Great, in short, for 300 years, for 400 years it all disappears. Wooden architecture, German construction.
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I can tell you in detail, but archaeology is for the interested people. You are absolutely right. After all the events in Britain, a German culture is established. Moreover, we have Eastern England, the Kingdom of East England. It will then give the name England
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the land of the Angles, all this territory, and as a result it will be called England, not Britain. Britain is an old name that comes from the Celtic tribes of the Brits who lived here. And this ethnic breakdown, we see that it happens because the territory begins to be called
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Anglorum in Latin, And the beer culture in Britain came along with the Saxons? Yes, of course. Because the Germans were actually noble. They drank ale and beer. And we consider ale and beer as almost the same thing.
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And the Germans, for them, are two completely different drinks. Roman wine they did not recognize because the Romans did not try to grow wine actually in England even well, drug addicts I say English wine do not want to try 300 days there in the year do not want to try
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English wine citizen that is, what it was there for taste can be imagined probably we would also would have refused here and actively brewed honey actively brewed this very Well, "el" and "beer" are such drinks.
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Moreover, it was an important part of life and culture. That is, the culture of "peers" is born.
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And the "peer" itself, you heard, "feast" in English. And this very culture of "fisting", so-called "fisting", will be written like this. Oh, not "augfy", but "feast".
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Not what you thought. The culture of such a feast, in the sense of a feast, is very important for Anglo-Saxon culture. What elements of Germanic culture were in Britain? Well, now all these elements come.
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Now they drink ale, drink beer. They drink in huge quantities, and they drink because they settle on the rivers. And because of that, because of all the impurities, everything is thrown into the river, and they go to the toilet in
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the river, and everything happens in the river, because of that, just to go out and drink water becomes even a problem. And just to drink water, yes, it is of great importance, for example, they buy well, how to say it, well, well, well,
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well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well
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well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well
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well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well
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well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well
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Well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well
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well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well
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well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well
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well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well
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well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well well, well, well, well, well, well, well, well, well, well, well, well, What magic can
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be in a well? Why do all the elves pray for it? Why do all the leprechauns live in these wells? For example, I have only some kind of drunkard who lives in this well. I have only such characters who live in wells in
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the village. And there, as it were, they have all sorts of elves, leprechauns, all these comrades who are sewing around wells. Because of the value of pure good water, from which you can make good beer, it is very important. And that's why it has magical properties,
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and that all sorts of magical creatures are found nearby. And what is the modern German from? Well, the modern German is from Germanic dialects of that time. Well, that is, it is clear that this is not English from
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Germanic, this is another mistake that is often made. No, both of these languages belong to the Germanic group. But, you know, time goes on, years go by, the 8th century still comes. And we already in the 7th century On the continent,
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the Church of the Pope, the Church of the Pope, is being strengthened and starts to feel confident again. They decide that it is necessary to Christianize the angel. And all these saints begin to They start to... From Rome whole embassies are going, which start from... Even from
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the 7th century, especially in the 8th century, they start to address the English to Christianity. It happens slowly, it happens badly. You can imagine the quality of these Christians. Up to the point that most of these newly-adversed bishops, they could not write, read. you could be confessed by a priest who
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did not know 10 commandments, for example. This is kind of a true story, if anything. This is from the notes of these Roman embassies that came there. Yes, it seems to be Christians, but they They understood very well what Christianity
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was and it would take 3-4 generations to become real Christians by the year 840. They could at least understand what it meant. Because for Anglo-Saxons, for the primordial, for them Christianity was about eating magic bread before a fight.
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and to return this disgusting wine with acidity and then if they kill you, you will be resurrected or something like that. That's how they understood Christianity. And there were ten commandments and all that crap. No, no, it was all very bad with that.
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We will give the Vikings series now. There is no place without them, because they had a very big influence on England. "Did the Celts have a chance to win over Britain?" No, no, they didn't. They lived there on their own,
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they had their own community, it was a rather complicated story. And they had to fight and cooperate, but I don't think so. It's not that big. Christianity was going well, because there was a need for these new kingdoms, there was a need to be supported by
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some Franks, or someone else. They promised political support or even troops only if you accept Christianity. Plus, it was still close by, in Wales and Ireland, there were a lot of preachers who came and told people and who
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addressed Christianity very softly. That is, they tried not to be too mean. There was no such severe resistance, because people saw the remains of some Roman, maybe Christian things. And they understood something. This is especially clearly visible by
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the weapon. For example, there may be an Anglo-Saxon helmet, and on the helmet there is this eternal world snake Uroboros. which is broken into rings. And he breaks into pieces and hits in the form of a cross. So, Jesus Christ was crucified on the cross, which was made in the
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form of the Ura Boros, in the form of this snake. Or there is a broken Latin prayer, incorrectly broken, because it was stamped with a stamp, and it was mirrored. But since no one could read in Latin, everyone had a problem, that the
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inscription on the helmet was mirrored in the opposite direction, that is, it is unreadable.
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It's normal, it's the same as the meaning of the rune. The rune protects me from the Aesir's slander, and the seal protects me from the Aesir's slander. That's great. Jesus ate Uroboros. A lot of this happens in England at this point. I mean, yes,
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yes, excuse me, Christians prohibit necromancy. I don't know why, but I had to write a separate decree that necromancy is forbidden. I can't understand one thing. Was necromancy such a serious problem in medieval England that they had to prohibit necromancy with a separate decree? I certainly understand that this is
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the thing. Yes, the cemeteries are also changing. The Romans made the cemeteries far away from the city and always kept them far away from the city. Naturally, in this period the cemeteries move to the cities. Because they are
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lazy, they have no time to take care of themselves, no one will take care of them, no one will take care of them. They bury them inside the walls.
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We live here. This is already a Germanic modern Europe. In general, in many respects, it has even left it. That is, if you have a estate, In the estate, there is a grandfather buried, a grandmother, an aunt, an uncle, and
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a cat. And they all lie in the backyard, and above them good flowers grow. This tradition is also something that the Germans brought.
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The Romans did not have such a thing. Who will work if there are no zombies? The slaves. The slaves are not the basis of the economy, of course.
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The basis of the economy is a free farmer. What does it mean "free"? In the sense that he is not a slave. It is clear that there must be some kind of "tan" above him who comes to bribe him at any moment. It's
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natural, but otherwise he is free. But if there is a rabbi, why not? He can be buried. Especially rabbi with the return of Christianity return, because to rebuild the monastery lands, to rebuild the church lands, free people are lazy. There are not
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enough churchmen themselves, because Monasteries, as everywhere in Europe, become centers of life and centers of trade life, and they have a lot of money, they are being bought, and we have already discussed that the most important wealth at this time is
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the land. The more land you have, the more you produce, the more you contain people, the more people you owe, and so on. That is, the big landowners become, including monasteries, churches, and so on. And the slave power works on them quite actively.
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And the slaves, let's say, will not disappear completely. The whole 8th century people remember how to believe in Christ normally. And different kingdoms dominate periodically, they are defeated. Then, for example, the most important thing for us becomes Northumbria with a center in York,
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the famous city of York. Well, then it was called Euphorvik, in my opinion. Well, you could say that it's the oldest capital of England, York, which was the capital of Northumbria. Then Northumbria was replaced by Mercia. And, probably,
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an important point to tell here... By the way, here's an example of Roman heritage. It's quite well-known, people looked like that. These are Anglo-Saxons of the 7th century, that is, a little later. These are not the kind of people who came and didn't know anything. But still, the
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helmets are closed, the cheekbones still show the Roman heritage. But in the end, in the 8th century, we have, roughly speaking, centuries of dark ages. And something, something similar to the country, to the organization, begins to rise from
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the darkness of the centuries. Namely, we have the king of Offa. who for the first time in a century builds engineering facilities in the country. Well, of course, he doesn't build it, he builds slaves and all sorts of dudes, but in the sense that he is able to carry out such
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a project. In general, constant wars with the Celts in Wales have screwed him up, and he is the ruler of Mercia. Here is Mercia on the map, he is the ruler of this kingdom. And he starts building of a big
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so-called off-dump. For the first time since Rome, something engineering is being built. This is the 8th century, if anything. We are building a dam, which at the same time... What does "times" mean? It is both a dam and a fortification
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against the evil Celts, who still remain in the West. They still live in the West. Actually, they still live there to this day. Well, as if back then. They all dug there and periodically made raids and everything else. And to strengthen the
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border, a giant dam is being built, which plays both a role of dam and fortification. Its traces are well studied today, that is, there are traces of it, there are its remains. All this is good. Here is just an image, well, such a symbolic one, about
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how the Valleys attacked the Anglo-Saxons with this dam. Quite a picturesque picture. Naturally, it's just an image. And we even get to the point where this king, Oph, even starts to communicate with Charles the Great. Remember that? On the continent at that time, Charles the Great ruled by the
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Franks. And Oph even starts to communicate with him. And even they become, like, friends.
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Well, they have such a correspondence character, very friendly. There are jokes, jokes. Well, jokes, of course, medieval, you better not hear. That is, there are very funny jokes, very funny. "We are sending these Angles to you so that
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they learn Latin, so that you can educate them in the church, so that they can come and tell us about Christianity." And this one answers him, "Yes, I took the Angles from you, and I will return you the Angels."
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Like, "I'll make angels out of the Englishmen in the church" Well, it's humor, it's understandable But at that time it was probably very funny, at least They were also exchanged jokes, among other things So, it would seem that everything is going well, look It would seem
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that England is rising from the knees, number one Indeed, from the darkness of the centuries, from some hellish water-fall, from the chaos of the resettlement of peoples, from the Celtic-Roman-Germanic quarrels, from all these Picts, Anglo-Saxons, Jutes, Frises, Finally, something more or less similar to a country is growing.
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Yes, there are many countries. It is clear that there is no idea of Britain as a single state yet. It is clear that all the princes are different, well, different kingdoms. Naturally, everyone calls himself a king. Christianity has returned. People are starting to
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write slowly. We have a "Poor and Honorable" work. It seems that everything is not bad for us. And now it is clear how it will be on these islands.
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There is Northumbria, there is Mercia, there is Wessex. They will decide the relationship between themselves. It seems that we understood how the story will go on. No, we didn't understand. Vikings are coming. Again, it is certainly worth doing a separate stream about the
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Vikings. It is certainly worth talking about the Vikings. We'll talk about it separately. Who are they, what did they do. There will be a separate stream. Just not now, don't worry. They are interested in our relationship with England today. And
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the fact is that it is usually considered that the Vikings are some guys who have come from nowhere, from their home and have come to rob.
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I absolutely disagree with this interpretation, because Vikings are sailing and robbing strictly on trade routes. These two directions, the southern and the northern, are the trade routes that were formed here in Roman times, which began to be restored
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thanks to the fact that England started to form again, more or less strong kingdoms appeared in England, Northumbria is the capital of York, but we have just discussed it. These trade routes are starting to recover again, they appear
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here again, and it is profitable for them to sail not only for traders, but also for those who scourge these traders for something useful. In our case, these are either people from modern Norway, who mostly travel on the northern trade routes, who rob the Orkney
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Islands, which rob Scotland, Northumbria, Ireland and Scandinavia. This is Norway, basically. And in the southern trade route, we have mainly Dutch people, that is, people from Jutland. That is, roughly speaking, in some generation, these are descendants of those very Juts, which we have already said, which were not
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there. Well, that is, those Juts, who are not clear who, just different people from Jutland, including. That is, these people did not invent anything new. They repeat about the same thing that their ancestors did several centuries ago. They are moving along the
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same trade routes, moving in order to rob and then settle, including. And they will probably have the strongest influence on the history of England. This is just when the Caninava will have the strongest influence. Because they begin to see that it becomes profitable to rob. In Scandinavia, there
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is a group of people who are leaders. And the word "viking" is actually... How to say it? It answers the question of what to do. I don't know, kiting, driving, diving. It's a kind of activity. And "viking" is also a kind of
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activity. You are told to go for a viking. And they say: "Let's go Viking!" And these people who are gathered there, at first they are very small, they are naturally gangs, that is, there are three ships, 40 people sail
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on them. Well, what is it? Well, just an organized brigade that makes a fuss, right? "Let's go Viking, buddy!" "Let's go Viking!" And so they sail, they sail, well, for example, here even the point is marked, but it is accepted in historiography.
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And there is Lindisfarne. For us and for the history it is significant. Because there is not so much the first attack.
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Yes, they tried. Now, of course, we will talk about it. How much is there on Lindisfarne. There is such a monastery there. On Lindisfarne the first attack occurs, which shocked the modernists.
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Because Lindisfarne was the centre of Christianisation of England. In Lindisfarne lived and wrote the same Beda, the Honourable.
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There were many holy ones in Lindisfarne. And it was believed that the holy ones were considered to be immortal.
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And saints can stand up for themselves, right? But it turned out that they can rob and kill. And they cut out almost everyone at Lindisfarne. And they didn't just cut them out, they also danced on them. They laid them out,
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as it says in the chronicle, trampled. They trampled on them on purpose. Roughly speaking, they also danced on their corpses. And they looted the monastery and everything else in Lindisfarne. And of course, the modern people were shocked, because it was in a sense an intellectual center, which was looted completely mercilessly. And
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probably, starting with Lindisfarne in 793, we count the era of the Vikings, that is, the very end of the 8th century. "Did the king of the streams rob the monasteries?" No, not this one. El Tamato. It's very important here. "How
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many years have you been a Christian?" That's a good question. I think it's 100 years of Christianity here. The past 100 years of Christianity have been well strengthened here.
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and served the unity correctly. Because Christianity with itself, we do not forget that in the dark ages Christianity is a progressive force. Christianity brings with it again writing, returns. Christianity returns, well, since you have writing, Christianity, a certain education appears, access to,
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let's say, a pile of knowledge appears. You understand what irrigation is, you understand what fortification is, you have some idea of architecture, about many things, it all comes together with the church. Therefore, Christianity in this era is not as we
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are used to think that in the new era Christianity will be the opposite, the role will change with the state, the state will be secular, more progressive in ideas than the church. In this era, it turns out that the Church
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is more progressive than the state, and therefore it is very beneficial to the state, because the rulers are happy to accept Christianity. Moreover, all these temples and monasteries become the center of economic life. You see, the Vikings, although they were considered hellish satans, they robbed
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monasteries not because they served Satan, as many modernists thought, And not because they were some horrible Christians-hater. No. They robbed where it was profitable. If the monastery has lands, if all the wealth flows there, if there is a gold
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department, gold cups and everything else inside, if there are concentrated slaves who work on the land, if there are delicious fruits and vegetables grown there, So what else can you rob? Who else? Rob Vasya, who has grass, a sheep, or
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a cow or a sheep? Is it his job to rob? Or a monastery? Or a king, who has a king and 40 evil head-cutters, his best friends?
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A great choice. I'd better go to the church and rob. Plus, of course, the revolution that took place there in the maritime world helps them. That is, ships with good passability, quite fast, which allow them to conduct these raids well. And it
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turns out that it is such a profitable business that it is so profitable to sail and to Viking. that many of the ordinary farmers in Scandinavia are being transferred to this case.
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That is, people who before this lived completely without violence, were not warriors, but were usually farmers, even they have such a chart that I was there in the summer, We go out in the spring, plant all sorts of products, beans, bread, rye, in general,
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everything that is in the European diet, we plant it all in the spring. And while it all grows, in the summer, we go out to rob, to viking. Wife, you stay at home, you stay here on the farm, and we swam to Europe
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to burn and rape. They are robbing the north of France, because you remember after the fall of the Carolingian Empire, after Charles the Great, he had a wonderful heir, during which the Civil War began, whose sons, that is, the grandchildren of Charles the
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Great, divided the whole country ten times, that is, there are their own problems. And in England there is no such thing as a single England, there are a lot of kings, the kings of the streams, the kings of the estate, the king of
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the garden, and in general, everyone separately is nice to rob. And these guys, even if they are not professional warriors, mercenaries or something else, they just go to rob in the summer. And then they come back and drink beer, beer, cool stories about
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events all winter long. And next year it repeats itself. And the system is so working that if we say that at the end of the 8th century, in the 70s, in the 70s, when we have 40 people in one raid, then after 40 years, after 50 years, 840, we have
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40 people in each raid, not 40 people, but 40 ships. And this is about a thousand people in the raid. And a brigade arrives, land somewhere in Kent and starts to... It's hard for them to do anything. While you're throwing a
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"clich", while you're telling them to gather, they're going to rob us. Of course, there's a local garrison, someone else, he won't resist a thousand people. So they have to wait until some militia is gathered, someone else. While it's being gathered, these people robbed
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everything they wanted, got into ships and sailed away. And then they appeared somewhere on the other coast. And it's like... The movement on water is much faster than the army on the ground. The roads are bad. Since the time of Rome, they have been abandoned. The Franks tried to repair
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the Roman roads. In England, no one repaired them for 200 years. Plus, it's all forests and swamps. In general, it's a pleasure to chase these Vikings. And in short, you really catch them and catch them. And the robbery is
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just devastating. I mean, yes, to put it in a game... ...slang, they really did rob the drop. They really did. And it's amazing, because the power of these men, because thousands of people... It's already... It's already... It's already
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an army, sorry. What did they rob? They robbed food, slaves and... values. Where they were being exposed. You see, to understand how the Viking system worked, you need to stream on them. If you go to a broader plan, you need to understand that the Vikings
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turn it into... They turn it into... Because they were so good... They are so fatigued in Britain that they have the opportunity to go further.
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And then to the north, then to the south. All these Viking campaigns, the path from the Varangians to the Greeks, the descent to Dnipro, the descent to Constantinople through the Black Sea, trade and so on. All this system. Vikings spread this web of spiders because of England. Because
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England was fed enough to be robbed, but not enough to defend itself. And at that moment, the Vikings began to devour it. They were able to create a stratum of people in Scandinavia.
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And the locals would never feed such a large number of armed people, such a large number of armies, in fact, they fed themselves by swimming and robbing everywhere. Including trade. And so, as you can see, in this concept of collecting
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drug metals and everything, it makes sense. Because you are engaged not only in robbery, but you are engaged in trade. Because you trade with people you cannot conquer. You can trade with them and then see that they have weakened and come
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and cut them. This is for the sake of the soul. It happened a hundred times. With Wessex, with the South Kingdom, they first traded and then started to land.
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Here is a bright example when they got there. But in this big... Oh, yes, we saw the Hungarians on the map. Yes, Europe has its own problems. Why is it possible to actively rob francs? Why can they have so little on the
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continent? Because they have a lot of problems. Because from the south come the Arabs, they are saracens on the map, because Arabs invade Europe, because the Hungarians rob everything from the east, and it is very difficult to fight 10 fronts. And from the
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north, this whole prophet is just gathered by the Vikings. But they are interested in the context of Britain. And in the context of Britain, it turns out that these detachments of 1000 people it's already a decent army it's not
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just some kind of brigade that came to rob and they understand that guys we can rule here ourselves why do we need to rob weapons if we can rob... What are they doing? We've already discussed it.
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What are the rulers of England doing? They are racketeers, that's for sure. Local rulers are doing the same thing, only robbing their own population. And in fact, this whole discussion, how it actually looks like, is: "What have you forgotten here? We are robbing
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here." And then the Vikings arrived and said: "No, let's rob." It's a struggle for the right to rob the local population. And at some point it turns out that the Vikings begin to win this fight. The Vikings begin to win the fight
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for the right to rob the local population. One by one, all these Sussexes, Sussexes, Essexes, Wessexes, well, no, not Wessexes, they begin to fall. There they killed the king, there they killed the king, he left to fight with the Vikings, and they simply
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cut him. And the Vikings capture many English kingdoms, simply capture. Right next to the cities, right next to everyone. And what to do next? Of course, the climate and fertility of the soil is much better than in Scandinavia. And together with the
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raiders, together with the Vikings, we already say that the Vikings are more of a profession. And after the Vikings, ordinary Scandinavian settlers grew up. which is no different from those English, Saxons and Jutes who in the 5th century said: "Now I live here,
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what can you do with it?" Now the Dacians, first of all Dacians, have arrived in England in a huge number. They sail, settle where they want, no one can do anything to them, because they formally sail from the face of those Vikings, who,
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if anything, can return and give their necks. And they move to Northumbria, Mercia... Yes, they came here... Well, you see, it's been centuries here.
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And this is, of course, a complete disaster. Because it becomes so much of a mass relocation that we are talking about the fact that they are already saying: "Why are they controlling themselves in English here? Why do we need your English, as you have it here?"
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No, no, no. They even begin to put their Scandinavian order here. Half of Britain... Let's look at the chart. I hope that Geochrome will show it. Because as these victories... Show me Danilac. Danilac, show me. Here. If anything,
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the green ones are also Vikings. Gradually, we have such a paradox in England. It is called Danilag in Russian, in English it is simply Danelaw. That is, it is an area of Danish law. It is not a state,
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it is not a country, but here live, in combination with Anglo-Saxons and Danes, and live according to the laws of Denmark or Norway.
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They just adopt these laws and live on them in a wonderful way. Without any local subordination, absolutely ignoring them. Everything is managed in a Scandinavian way. Just like somewhere in Denmark, somewhere in Olborg or somewhere in Aarhus, the same laws are in place, as somewhere in Jorvik or in Leeds,
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for example. And there was Leeds back then, interesting. Or Nottingham, ok, Nottingham was there. It's a disaster. The population of the Dutys is so strong that... I'm saying that only in England, probably, what's happening is happening. Because the Dutys are starting to turn England upside
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down. The Swedes' trip to the East, as we know, was dissolved in the local population. Despite the fact that the upper class was Swedish in Russia, I hear support. Thank you.
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Thank you very much. Despite the fact that the elite was Swedish in Russia, Slavic local population remained Slavic local population. And then they divided into Slavic. It was like there were tribes' unions.
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And the state that was formed in New Kiev, in all these churches, were descendants of the same Slavic people. Ethnos did not change.
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In France, an interesting thing happens, because the northern France, with these same guys, who have thousands of people, what can you do to them? They also actively begin to settle in northern France. And they are settling in the northern region of Normandy. Actually,
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which is called Normandy, because the northern people come from Normans. They were called Normans in France, in Francia. And so they also actively settle there, because what can you do to them? I'm in another city. They actively settle
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in France, but they also could not break the local people here. They begin to speak in Norman dialect, they lose German features. And the Normand dialect becomes a French dialect eventually. And in fact they switch to French, and later French. And
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in England they don't switch to anything. In England they have a huge influence. They bring the language with them. They... I mean, the elites become mixed Anglo-Saxon-Dutch. Well, mostly Danish, because we said that Norwegians actively participated in raids, but not in settlements. In
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settlements they could only sail to Iceland, to the islands of Orkney and to Ireland. But settlements were mainly Dutch, because the population density in Jutland is much higher than in Norway. And it turns out that These are some elites already
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mixed up because they are all bilingual. They all speak both Anglo-Saxon and Danish. And they speak so much that even in modern English they suffer the following major changes. Because the number of Danish borrowings in modern English is huge. The Dachans borrow...
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I don't know. Let's just give a few examples for scale. For example, do you know the English sound that everyone has learned now? The. Well, words. This combination of "th" which is pronounced "dvonka" . So, this pronunciation is suddenly in Danish manner, in Scandinavian-Danish manner. Before that, such a combination of
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sounds was read exclusively softly in English. And in general, even the third person borrows from the Danish language. Well, this is if someone is interested in linguistics.
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Clemenko Andrey, thank you for 500 picoinov. What is the influence of Latin? Well, educated people wrote in Latin and carried, that is, Some words, maybe. Latin as a lexicon, as a language structure did not affect the English language. There were separate
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words. Separate words, yes, of course, the English language absorbed itself, but it could not not absorb. Latin was the scientific language of Europe for the next thousand years, until the 19th century. Latin was the scientific language of Europe.
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Anger, earth, dirt, knife, leg, shirt, window If someone knows English, sorry for the English, as in that anecdote, but these words like "knife", "dirt", "window", "shirt" are the simplest everyday words. Sorry, such words do not borrow, well, you know, the history of borrowing Russian
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language, right? Many words are borrowed from French or German, but these are usually words for something that was not in Russian. or some kind of profession, or some technical detail, or something else. And these are the most common everyday words. This means that people at
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the household level were absolutely bilingual, spoke both languages, using them just in combination, because such household words as "knife" just get into the language and replace the native word, they can't. And even in the language, There is still a lot of contribution. But the contribution remained, they bring, I
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say, the right, the Danish right appears here and everything else. How did the Vikings treat Christianity in England? Well, at first, of course, everything was burned, but now we will move on. Of course, now the Adachans treat the English by the fact that
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their ancestors are English. Of course, of course, Vasily Pant. Of course, well, that is, constant jokes on this topic, of course. A little off topic, but why later all the Scandinavian sagas "Biavulf AAAA El Tamato" Many people make this mistake,
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many people believe that "Biavulf" is a Scandinavian saga BioWolf is an Anglo-Saxon saga. BioWolf has a direct relation to what we are doing today. BioWolf, you know, right? About the origin of the name. "Bio" is a bee, "Wolf" is a wolf. I always laugh at this,
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because... Actually, it's a bear. But in the sense... They called the bear "beehive". So... I mean, the wolf that loves bees. So, the Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon... It's just an example. In the time being discussed, in the 8th century, the Beowulf is born. It's just...
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How to say it? Not proof, we don't need proof. One of the products of this Danilag, what I'm talking about. In this era, people who live in Northumbria, for example, It's very hard to define who is Anglo-Saxon, who is Scandinavian, who is Dutch, because they
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mix and assimilate very strongly. For example, many ancestors of these Dutch sailors learn to build ships, they settle in cities and only know what to manage, and they no longer do any sailing literally in two generations. And some Anglo-Saxons, on the contrary, join the troops and swim, and you
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can't distinguish them from the Vikings. And they serve somewhere in Constantinople, at the emperor's court, under the guise of Vikings, they serve as some kind of outcasts from the Anglo-Saxons, in fact. Biowulf, although he tells about the travels of the Scandinavians, and Hrothgar
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lived there, I don't remember where, but in Scandinavia, if I'm not mistaken. Well, actually, it's where the monster Grendel started. And just to kill Grendel, this canung Beowulf comes to the surface. And the term canung is also Scandinavian. But these canungs and
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the Yarls, they are also in Britain at this moment, in England, they are also canungs and Yarls. Because on the territory of Danilago, I say, everything is governed by Scandinavian law. There is absolutely no difference. But Bia Wolf is written by Anglo-Saxons.
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It's important. They write about Scandinavia because they feel like they are part of this world. They think that it's all the same. That's why they often make a mistake with Bia Wolf, thinking that it's a Scandinavian thing. No, it's an
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Anglo-Saxon thing. Maybe all these Anglo-Saxon sagas are based on oral folklore? It can't be, but it is in oral Scandinavian folklore, which was told by all these sailors who sailed. Of course, from them later a literary tradition is formed. In fact,
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it is now beginning. But it is English, later, as we know, at that time no one knew it yet, it will become just an English tradition. This is an interesting phenomenon. And it seems that maybe now everything will become
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so Scandinavian-English conglomerate? No. England is born from... In this system, in fact, England is born. I don't know how... I thought before the stream, from which side to go and show why I called this stream not just Anglo-Saxon, but the birth of England. You see,
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we still don't have any idea, none of the rulers of any of these kingdoms, not even a thought has been left that all this space can be something alone and be controlled by something alone. But such a thought appears in the courtyard of Essex, of a person whom we know
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by name. So let's scroll. Yes, the Danish authorities. The Dachshunds restore the wonderful trade. At first, of course, they robbed and it was not very good here. But the five largest trading cities: Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Stamford. These are five large Danish trading cities that trade wool,
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all sorts of crap, very actively in the forest. And in general, they get incredible development in this era, they are blooming, they bloom, these are the best trading cities, that is, all the trade has returned to England and probably will never leave. Meanwhile, in the south, in
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Wessex, Alfred rules. Naturally, what dark ages without the great? We said that in the dark ages, what is on the continent, what is everywhere, and now the 7th or 9th century, now the 9th, the triptolemus, now the 9th, and the
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evil Shatlans The angry Scots were angry Scots. There were their own people. In Scotland, at that time, another process was going on. There, the local population of Picts was pushed out by the Scots who came from Ireland. And while the Picto-Scots wars
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were going on there, and they were their kingdom, although the Vikings also settled in Scotland, but just in Scotland, where do they settle there? On the rocks, or something?
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Scotland is a mountain country. It's pretty sad to conquer a mountain from the sea.
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In short, that's why they didn't live there. But they are actively being developed in Ireland, for example. In this era, the same Dublin is a purely Scandinavian center, where Norwegians and Danes live and operate. He also, by the way, is a Danish right.
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So, Alfred the Great appears. And I say, what dark ages do we have without the Great? Naturally, the Great. Naturally, Alfred. Alfred saw for himself the benefit in what was happening. Because so far, what have you seen? What's going on? And he
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understands that the matter is that Wessex, his native Wessex, will sooner or later become the same Viking and will also be ruled by Danish law. He doesn't want that at all. And he, well, yes, the man was lucky to rule
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for a long time in his time. Therefore, he makes far-reaching plans. First, he begins to form an army. A normal army that could defeat the Vikings in battle and do it normally. And for this, you have to convert everything
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that was before. Even the laws, and even the right to bring to some kind of norm. Because the Anglo-Saxon right before Alfred was just a charm. Before Alfred, all of England lived on some absolutely Germanic, ancient, almost tribal right. Because everything always relied on
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such a concept as wergeld. And wergeld was in charge of just everyone. "Wergeld" is "man" in Old English. As you can see, it has changed a little since then. You may remember the word "Wervolf" - "man-wolf". In the word "Wervolf" there is an old
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English word "ver". And "Wergeld" is "man-gold". And in principle, everything was defined by "man-gold" - "Wergeld". In the sense that each person, a man, a woman, a child, had its own value. And, for example, what was it expressed in? That is, you could be weighed and roughly estimate
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how much you cost. If you are a chmo and live somewhere in the goose steppes, well, then you will cost little there. If you are a peka-elite, let's say, then you are more significant. What did it affect? In general, everything.
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It affected the amount of taxes you paid. It affected the amount of land that you have. If you were killed, your relatives have to pay for your cost. Of course, women were very cheap. Women were worth almost nothing. The only thing is that
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women from 16 to 30 years old They raised the price twice and then fell again two times. Because as long as she can bring healthy children, it was considered that her value was slightly higher. And everything was managed there. They managed, roughly speaking, they cut off your finger and then
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you have to pay compensation. If it's a little finger, you'll get a compensation. If it's a finger with which you put a bow on it, it's three times higher. If it's a big finger, it's five times higher. It's just a tin.
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Laws like "if you stole your neighbor's wife, if you just stole her and no one noticed, then everything is fine". And if you stole, and you were noticed, and you are told that you stole your wife, you can pay her cost to the
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dude, and leave her to yourself. And he can go on, find a new one for himself, something else. That is, absolutely easy, go and, as it were, No punishment except for "I paid off" and that's it. When you can't pay off,
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that's when problems start. With slavery and everything else. You have to work and all that. That's when problems appear. Naturally, in such a situation, the number of people... There is no investigator, no evidence. No one analyzes DNA.
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A guy comes and says: "This guy climbed into my garden." And you say: "No, you climbed on my garden." Who will judge you? You need witnesses, right?
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And the one who has more witnesses, in fact, won the court. That is, the more people can sign up for you, the higher your wergeld and the more weight you have in society. Therefore, the importance of family and relatives who will come
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and will subscribe to you is colossal. And therefore, when you hear the story that friendship in the dark ages was friendship, people were almost brothers through one, Damn, they were fighting over one thing: the more brothers, relatives and all the more people
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who can come to court and testify for you. And the more friends you have on Facebook... Of course, now people are making friends on Facebook and just posting them, watching them, and they don't need them. And at that moment, each of these people
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could sign up for you, and he was a specific weight... When they know that you are so heavy, you have 10,000 friends, You won't even find a case to report anything to the court. You will be afraid to report anything. And the same
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thing happened with abduction. If you have an uncle, and he just ruins your family.
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You cut some guy's head off, stole his wife, and you have to pay for him all the time. Because if he can't pay, the poor ones have to pay.
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You are responsible for your family. And she answers for you. And so there was a special rite, you could be pre-cultivated. Like, uncle Vitya, he's not my uncle now. Let him be. If you were cut off from the medieval society, if you fell out of this
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system of friends, well, no one will call you. You have very little time left to live. Because anyone can hurt you and you can stand for yourself against everyone. And this separation from the family is probably the scariest thing that could have
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happened at that time. Who was more worth, cow, horse or woman? Well, you don't need to compare cow and horse. Horse at that time was much more valuable material than cow. Well, it's clear that there is no place for it. That is, a
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cool horse, of course, could cost more, not just a wife, but a cool horse could cost more than your house. And a real cool fighting horse that can carry a heavy rider with armor, you know what, such horses were valued. Yes, and this
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system of law turns into something similar to normal law. Laws are written, including in Latin. Alfred himself was in Rome, Alfred himself knew Latin normally, he is one of the few who personally knew how to speak it. Moreover, he even translated some
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books himself. And in general, he starts a fashionable thing with translations, including in Essex.
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Since before that there were Carolingians, who were engaged in this. We once talked about this in the Carolingian Renaissance. The baton is taken over by Essex, taken over by Alfred. He was in Rome, he knows what Christianity is, he knows what Latin is.
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He has a connection with continental Europe. His father is officially recognized as a king, that is, the title is secured for him, he is not just some kind of king himself. He has correspondence, he transforms land rights, I don't know. Let me tell you now, and if later on the
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recording it seems boring to me, I'll cut it all out. In short, Alfred the Great gilds England on the system of the Shire. All these hobbit shires that you know, it all happens with him. Because, look, we have Hyde. Hyde is the number of lands that you
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need to feed one family. One family lives on Hyde. A hundred of such Hydes, that is, a hundred families, live in the Hundred.
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That is, in a hundred, literally. It's very simple. A hundred of such families are united into the Hundred. Shire is formed from a dozen of hundreds of them. And this shire is governed by its own laws.
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For example, the shire-river is in charge of the order. So, this is a person who walks around the shire and makes sure that the order is followed, the king's decrees are followed. By the way, at that time, a lot of things
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were controlled by oral decrees. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to study, because many decrees were oral, not written. They were called "rit" .
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Read, in the only case, when there are many of them And you can He did it verbally, and since it was a royal order, it was still mandatory. He called a sheriff, and said: "I've quickly established a bread production for my army, bread for cooking. Let's go!"
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It was considered an official decree. The whole court was present at that decree, and everyone understood that it was still necessary to carry it out. And if he starts to talk nonsense and says that he didn't get the written one, you know how
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it is often done now, I didn't see him at home, I didn't look into the mailbox, I didn't see anything, I didn't know. At that time, it's not bad, because everyone knew that you received a written order, you received a verbal order, and
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what difference does it make Sorry, even if you're deaf, you're still a Rite, because it has the status of a law. You still have to fix it. How many Rites like that didn't reach us, and were just in
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oral form, is hard to imagine. There were a lot of them, for sure. Moreover, he regularly starts paying Danish money to Danish Danegeld, who come to rob Wessex. And he introduces this trend, why they will be so good in France and everywhere else. Because he says, you know what, go and rob
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my neighbors, maybe Sussex at that time, Or Merci, you can rob them, and I'll pay you. And you come to rob me in 5 years. They say, "Good, good man, and you have a nice deal with him." And they sail away, they
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sail away in 5 years. Well, now let's get out of here. No, guys, let's give you a bribe, look, and we'll walk you along the road and beat those neighbors. And you take what you want from them. And with this trick Wessex eliminates
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all his closest competitors. Eliminates Cornwall, in which there were still the remnants of the Celts. He poisoned the Vikings on them, in fact, taking advantage of them. He was able to defeat Mercius, who was actually the king of Offa before that, he ruled
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Mercius, and she was a strong state. Gradually, she becomes weaker and weaker, until Alfred marries his daughter to the king, who died suddenly, I don't know why, but he married Alfred's daughter and died right away. Alfred's daughter ruled until
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the end of her life, this is Mercy, she stopped being a danger to Wessex. And in general, the forces of the Vikings, Wessex constantly redirected to the blows on some of its neighbors for their weakening. And he himself accumulated
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strength, accumulated an army. There was a very interesting system that the militia still fought. It was difficult to feed the knighthood. People barely fed themselves to maintain the whole knighthood. So there was a very interesting system, like, this year we have
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these guys, and these guys serve, and next year you trade with them. And all this was based on this system of shirov, As we said, it all comes from families, and families could decide who will serve this year and who will plow
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the land this year. And so they changed every year, and therefore they could put up a normal army every year, which was not worried that if we fight here for a long time, my harvest will disappear, and there was someone to plow the
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land for him while he served. It's a pretty convenient system. He didn't ride a boat. No, Eric Cartman, he rode a boat in China. As we remember, in China, if someone died suddenly, for some reason he used to ride a boat
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but in England he rode a horse a horse In England all suspicious deaths that we can't prove that it was a murder but it coincided very well don't go anywhere he rode a horse, fell and died in fact, riding a
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horse is dangerous you can fall and really twist your neck and it probably happened more than once But the number of kings and all sorts of nobles who died from it is somehow slightly correlated with... It would seem to be a natural mortality from this reason. And how can you not
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take this same Eduard the torturer. He even has the nickname "Torturer". And there, too, everything was set aside that he went to ride a horse and did not return.
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And only his security came back with bloody divorces. On the chain he said: "Damn, I fell off the horse." Edward will not rule anymore. Sorry. "Don't hunt boars". A boar? Are you a sacred animal?
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The boars were also prayed by the Celts. The Celts also loved boars. And the Congolese people got used to it. They got used to it from the local Brits, probably from the Brits' time. They loved boars. Boars are one of the most important
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animals in their culture. They are at the same level with wolves. They are found with the same frequency. The boar is a ferocious predator. It guards the house. It's normal, there are patterns on clothes everywhere. The boars are a big part of the
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culture. He also understands that it's much more convenient to mess with the Vikings on the water, without letting them land, because the Vikings are dangerous on the ground with their axes and swords. And it would be better to meet them somehow on
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the approach. Therefore, Alfred builds a fleet. The fleet is terrible. Of course, it cannot be compared to Viking ships by marine qualities. But he achieved his goal. He beat the Vikings at sea several times. Because of his base and
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harvests, he was able to hit them several times. And the most important thing is the shield wall. The shield wall that you all know, it's a great thing for Alfred. It's somewhat similar to Falang, but it's like falang-bitches. It's
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like how the homeless in the wild of England could guess their version of Falang. The principle is the same. We take a bunch of guys, we beat them up a bit tighter, they hold their shields very tightly, And the point is to keep the line and not to fall
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apart. If you do, you lose. And so we stand tight, hold these... Yes, for the wall of accounts, of course, preparation is needed. Just the system that you have a year of people serving in the militia, and the next year they are dying.
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The point is that you can break them off from your place for a long time. It has a huge impact because you can learn tricks from it. For example, the Shield Wall. By the way, Vikings will take it very quickly and they
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will fight with it until the end of the XI century and probably even further.
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So, Vikings will always have a Shield Wall. But it's more like an Anglo-Saxon thing. Although, I'm telling you, Vikings will use it perfectly and not worse. It became possible thanks to Alfred. And in the end, this man made Well,
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not that he turned the course of history, no, he didn't turn the course of history, but he did something very interesting. Because the weakened France... He died without having time to conquer Danilac, but in fact, he prepared his sons for his life, and
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they finished the conquest for him. Because he went into attack, he defeated one Viking, how to say, the leader of the second. He even called them Christians, he said: "I accept Christianity." He accepted it and put him in a
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local government office in Essex. And Essex began to quickly invade the zone of Danish law and it was absorbed very quickly. And at that moment, attention, the key moment in the process, The war with the Dacian law is the origin of the United England. That's how England was born. The concept
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itself arises because he conquered all these territories, united them into one and thinks: "This is not Wessex anymore, because the territory of the Danish law remains, and moreover, it is controlled by the Danish law, and not by what Alfred came
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up with." It's just that on the map you can't show it, but actually, imagine that half of this territory was still governed by Danish laws. And mostly Dacians, Anglo-Saxons, well, that is, bilingual mixed culture lived here. And all these Scandinavians had local privileges,
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they stayed here. Because, damn, there were already most of them in the cities, in the five trade cities that I called. But the point is that politically it all unites into one system, which was decided to be called Regni Anglorum. That is,
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what we know today as the Kingdom of England. Although it is important, of course. The capital of Northumbria remains York, and will be an important city for a very long time. There will be Winchester, of course. London is
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already London. London becomes London. York is not EOFORWIC anymore, and not even YORWIC, but York becomes York, London becomes London, and in fact England becomes... You see, for the British, for the modern people, this is the same primordial past. Everything we described now, it took another 100
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years. the building of forces in Essex, its invasion of the Danish right in Alfred's time, then the creation of these unifications, and in the end it took, well, you see, it's the 10th century. We have already passed from the 9th to the 10th. And, in principle, it was controlled, and
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the system that was established here, it was conserved somehow, developed, there were a lot of border wars, but we reach the 90s, to the 990s.
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And the next stage begins, I would say the final stage of the birth of England. Years passed. House of Wessex ruled England. The kings changed each other. Anglo-Saxon and Danish rule here in their own places. They had no
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special claims to each other. But at that moment important events happen not Not in England, but outside of it. The thing is that Scandinavia wasn't sitting still, and there are important changes happening in Scandinavia. Very important. In Scandinavia there is a
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ruler called Harald the Blue-toothed. He is Harald the Bluetooth. If you ever used the Bluetooth technology, it is named after this Harald. Because the Dacians invented it, and because they love their historical character very much. They named it after him. What happened in Wales?
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It was a difficult situation. I don't know why it's white now. Because the geocron didn't dare to make borders here. There were different Celtic kingdoms here. They were laughing at each other and constantly fighting each other. It was not profitable.
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It was not profitable for a while. They went to steal further. England became not profitable. In England were Alfred, his children, and strong Wessex. They were stealing other lands.
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They moved to trade. They settled in Iceland. There was something to do. They were engaged in the Eastern trade.
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So... It was something to do. And Harald the Blue-toothed is important because he accepts Christianity. And Scandinavians, that is, Vikings, they become Christians. And this is a big step, because in Europe they are no longer treated as enemies, as tongue-twisters, with whom you must fight. You can
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form some kind of alliances with them. You can even contact them in Roman. In general, they are involved in politics, in general European politics. And we are not even interested in Harald the Great, but his son is very important for the
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history of England. Swain Forkburt, in the sense of a bullfighter. Swony, Swony the Bullfighter. This comrade, since in Scandinavia, you know, their kingdoms were already strong, And Scandinavia can put out not just some vagrants who gathered together this summer and swam to fight. So, the
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army is a vagabond, right? And they can set up an army of the kingdom.
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That is, a normal centralized one, which prepares its own troops. This is a Christian state. It is clear what kind of Christianity is there, the difference between Wotan and Christ could hardly be explained. This is of course. But these are already serious armies
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with which you need to They are considered to be capable of much more serious actions than any robbers. And at the same time it so happened that Scandinavia, well, Denmark in the first place, is ruled by a swan with a
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beard, who remembered himself as a good ruler, well, in the sense of a strong one. And Anglia and the House of Wessex are ruled by the most epic character, one of my favorites at that time. I even brought him out. He's Alfred's worthy son.
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Even in medieval imagery. Modern people called him Etelred Unrad. And at first it was called "unready" in English. But for a long time it was assumed that it was "unrad" because it was not ready for the new conquest of the Vikings. And then, later,
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they dug up a new meaning of the word and now it is officially called the way it is in historiography. As modernists meant when they called him Etelred Unrad Actually, imagine what you need to do to deserve the nickname "Etelred the Unwisdom" in
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life It's just chic in general And such an Etelred the Unwisdom rules Even if he is not reasonable, he is happy.
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If you look at it literally in the dictionary, from the English side, it's like "bad counsel". That is, with bad judgment. He had bad judgments.
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In this sense, he is not reasonable. And indeed, now he is so famous in historiography. It happens. When new invasions begin in his country in the 1990s, It's a new army of Vikings. Serious, well organized. It's a normal royal army. He tries to do the same thing Alfred did
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100 years ago. He says: "Look, Alfred took a bribe from the raiders, and I will take a bribe." And in 991 he pays them the famous dan geld, Danish gold. Like, "But you're going away." But he forgot that Alfred was preparing an army to destroy it, he was building
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an army and everything else. And Etelred is not smart, he doesn't do anything of it. He just pays them money to sail away. And if Alfred was poisoning them with his competitors, then Etelred just pays them money and says: "Sail away, you are
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not welcome here." Three years later, he returned to the world in 1994. Eterlet pays him money again and he goes back to the world. He comes back in 1996. He pays him again and he says: "Go back to the
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world". He comes back in 2007. Eterlet is still on the throne. He was lucky to rule for a long time, 20 something years. He is paid in 2007. And in 2010, they arrived, and they ran out of money. In 2010, there was nothing to pay for. And that's why
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the Vikings started to rob. They were robbing the house in Essex for 20 years. And when Wessex ran out of money, well, Wessex said that they couldn't pay anymore, they landed and started a war. The war was typical of the
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Vikings. If the army of Etelreda is in the east, then the Vikings will be in the west. If the army of Etelreda is in the south, then the Vikings will be in the north. This is even depicted in the chronicle, this is a
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quote from the chronicle. And why the White Council? Because She doesn't like it, she says "You decide, we meet them somewhere, give them a fight" And in the end, Telet was leading his army from one end of England to another, maybe waiting for a landing somewhere, no, he was
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just chasing the Vikings To get some support, he understands that it's getting hot, that he's going to be thrown out of here. The thing is that in this country, as we've already said, many descendants of the Dachas live. And they don't understand
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why this illiterate is so unreasonable, if he's leading his army to us. He's a real wimp, and after him there will be a wimp. Let's say he's a Scandinavian, he's our relative, and we are Dachanians, we are descendants of those who were
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there 100 years ago. Why don't we swear to him, and why the hell do we need this guy who can't do anything at all? And in short, the mood is really growing against him. And in order to save the situation, he turns to,
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as we just said, to the north of France. And he goes to Normandy, because there live relatives of the Scandinavians. And he says: "Listen, I need an alliance with you in Normandy." And he says: "You have a good wife there, Emma
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Normanskaya. And let me marry her on the Scandinavian, and maybe then the Scandinavians will support me." And he marries Emma Normanskaya. Which doesn't help him, he is still beaten, and he has to run. He runs to Normandy and saves himself. And England completely becomes under the rule of Denmark.
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This is the map number. At this moment, all of Scandinavia and England are united into one state. A famous character in the history of Knut comes. Here comes Knut, a young guy who wants to put things in order, who wants to rule everyone. And you know what Knut does?
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He takes the same Emma Normand's wife, the same one who was married to the enemy of his father. He is her younger, at least twice, if his father has not yet fought with her.
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Despite all that, she gets married to him. Or maybe... Why do I say despite all that? He's younger, maybe that's why she gets married. And she gives birth to children from him too. She gave birth to heirs of the throne from Ethelred
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the Incompetent, Edmund the Incompetent, who is a normal, reasonable ruler. And she gave birth to the next descendants of Knud.
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Attention to the question: what about those who seemed legitimate and have the right to the throne? And Knud and Edmund must now find out how to divide this country.
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And someone asked her opinion: "No, she was a noble woman, after all, she was She was doing something, she was controlling something. No, I was asking her. I think she didn't really resist, because being a wife of some crazy person in Normandy or being a queen, I
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think she will choose the second one. Even though her husband is a guy who is a real man. She was already quite old, yes. At that time, she did it, no one expected that she would still be born, you know? I won't tell you how old she was, but she
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was already quite old, imagine. And it's okay, she had a son and a daughter from the start, and, in short, the period of uncertainty begins because of this. And who will rule what? It's 2014. But Knut seems to
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be breaking his right to this rule. And while Knut is alive, and he will live for a long time, everything is fine. He will be in Rome, he will achieve his recognition. It's all fine. But you know what all these
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people didn't take into account? At this moment, it seems to everyone present, to the entire elite, that it will be one state - Scandinavia, England. This is the state shown on the map. Apparently, it will be like this. The only
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question for them is who will rule - the Anglo-Saxons or the Dacians, the Norwegians? That is, whose dynasty will be the king? From Wessex or Scandinavia And for them the choice is only this And they didn't consider the most important thing They
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didn't consider Emma Normand Emma Normand not only gave birth to the sons of Etenared and Knud But Emma Normand had a younger nephew in Normandy Here she is on the fresco Well, it's clear how they were depicted in the Middle Ages. This is her, by the way, with the
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sons of Knud, I think, she is depicted, well, just a son and a daughter. So, Emma of Normandy had a nephew who was sitting in Normandy and scratching his ear. His name was Willy, his name was Wilhelm. Perhaps in history
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you know him as Wilhelm the Conqueror. Hmm, why is he a conqueror? Because at some point, in 1066, he got tired of it all. He says: "You know what? My aunt gave birth to sons for you, my aunt almost ruled your country." And from
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this headline everything becomes clear. The final stage of the birth of England takes place. William declares his rights to the English throne. He is from the Normans, they speak French, they are all assimilated, but he is a descendant of the Scandinavians, plus his mother
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was the queen of England, well, not mother, but aunt. And he is sent to England. During the Civil War And then, maybe we'll talk about it separately I think that if there will be a next stream about the next period of history We'll probably start it from the beginning Because it's
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a classic free-for-all And as a result, you know, the battle at Gassnix The battle at Stamford Bridge In general, everything that is taught is already a very well-known story Because the Battle of Gastensk, people are defeated and the Normans capture England. They don't want to completely
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conquer England, they politically subjugated this England. And of course, the Norman dynasty is established. Nobody knows yet, but the Norman dynasty will be inherited by Henry II Plantagenet, and there will be a dynasty of Plantagenets, which will also be
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from Anjou, from France. And in the next 300 years, English language will become a language of cattle. That is, Anglo-Saxon language, Anglo-Saxon knowledge, these Germans who came and, well, We already talked about how they became the language of the island. Yes, they stay there. And the
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English language will survive this time. And the English language will survive. And the Anglo-Saxons will probably remain Anglo-Saxons ethnically. And only then they will be. But after the Norman conquest, England becomes, at least if we talk about the elite, something like the dominion
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of France. Very quickly the locals will declare that France, go away, you know where, I'm the king here myself. And because of this, then, very soon, a hundred years war will begin. And of course, this situation will determine the course of all European
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history for centuries and centuries ahead. For example, in the next 300 years, the whole kingdom of England will speak only French. English language will not be used at all. The influence of French on English will be colossal. If
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we say that German is close, that many words from German, from Danish, are borrowed. Here, the second borrowing occurs from French. All these words with strange writing, like "click" meaning "click" meaning... which have endings of 3-4 letters which are not pronounced all these terrible words that
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you know in English language all of them are of course from French and many of them come to this era when French is an elite language and English is a language for the poor Even now you can find all decent words that mean
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types of fabrics, any types of luxury, stones, any official positions, something so high-ranking, food, of course, all normal cuisine, all words are in French. All words that mean a knife, a board, a boat, meat, all of this English-Saxon or Danish words, German-born words. It's still the same
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in English since then. In fact, this will determine the development of the future of England for many centuries to come. This is the real England we know. What I personally like about this historical period is the mixture of
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cultures. We have the Celts who could not be romanized, we have the Romanized Celts, we have the Anglo-Saxons who came to Utah, we have the Vikings, the Dacians, the Scandinavians who came, and we have the most powerful French element. And all this will brew in such a turbulent boil
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the England that will then live, develop, create its literary culture and everything else. At the same time, from all this, what we talked about the last three hours, England was born. Here is such a stream, here is such a story about the birth of England. I hope it was interesting. See you
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soon bye.
Topics:Roman BritainAnglo-SaxonsPictsCeltic tribesfall of Roman Empireearly medieval Englandmigration periodBrittanyRoman withdrawalearly English history
