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Sandon, the largest cave on our planet. This cave is so massive that it has a completely self-sustaining ecosystem with its own climate conditions.
Explore Son Doong, the world's largest cave with its own ecosystem, prehistoric forest, river, and unique formations deep in Vietnam.
Key Takeaways
- Son Doong is a unique natural wonder with a vast underground ecosystem and climate.
- The cave’s size and formations are unparalleled, shaped by geological and biological processes over millions of years.
- Strict conservation efforts limit access to preserve its fragile environment.
- The cave hosts rare and newly discovered species adapted to total darkness.
- Exploration requires careful preparation and guided expeditions due to challenging terrain and conditions.
Summary
- Son Doong is the world's largest cave, stretching 9 km long and containing a self-sustaining ecosystem with its own climate.
- The cave features prehistoric rainforest, an underground river, and over 250 endemic plant and animal species, including recently discovered ones.
- Massive stalagmites and rare formations like phytocarst rocks and cave pearls are found inside.
- The cave was unknown to the world until its full exploration in 2009 and is located in Vietnam.
- Access is restricted to protect the fragile environment, with Oxalis as the only authorized expedition operator.
- Visitors trek through jungle and smaller caves before entering Son Doong, encountering unique wildlife and geological features.
- The cave’s limestone formed over 450 million years ago and was shaped by acid rain and tectonic movements.
- Inside, enormous passages can fit skyscrapers and aircraft, with mineral-rich waters creating stunning rimstone pools.
- Flooding brings soil and spores inside, supporting mushrooms and some plant life despite the absence of sunlight.
- The cave contains massive dune lines, clouds, mist, and unique biological and geological interactions.
Chapters
- 00:00Introduction to Son Doong Cave and its ecosystem
- 01:17Access restrictions and expedition preparation
- 02:25Wildlife and environment inside the cave
- 03:41Entering Son Doong and geological formations
- 04:57Underground river and cave formation process
- 06:53Hope and Vision Passage and giant stalagmites
- 07:49Camping inside the cave and dune lines
- 08:50Exploring narrow passages and further discoveries
Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown
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Hundreds of meters underground, the clouds you're used to seeing in the sky form inside this cave. Son even has an untouched prehistoric rainforest hidden far below the surface and a vast underground river. From transparent fish to colorful monkeys, over 250 endemic
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plant and animal species live in this underground world. Seven new animal species were recently discovered here and are unique to this place. Stretching 9 km in length, this cave holds 38.5 million cubic meters of space. And its passages
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are so enormous that a 40-story skyscraper could fit inside. And its giant stalagmites are rising like towers of ancient cities. Walking inside, it's impossible not to feel as small as a tiny bug. Can a rock move on its own? Sandon even contains phytocarst
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rocks which move towards the sun like semi-living organisms. Rare cave pearls and many other unique formations are also found here. For 3 million years since its formation, the world had no idea about this cave's existence until it was fully explored in 2009 in
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Vietnam. Now it's time for you to see the largest cave on Earth. Individual access is forbidden to protect both visitors and the fragile environment.
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This expedition is operated by Oxalis, the only authorized agency. To reach Son Doong, we've trekked through the jungle for 9 hours. And now we must pass through N Cave, the world's third largest cave. This cave serves as a
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gateway to the world's largest cave. It's crucial to be fully prepared for every possibility. So before setting out on this journey, we did deep online research about Son Doong and its surrounding area to learn about everything that we would need to know.
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Now we're heading towards the beach inside the cave. Over the centuries, water from nearby rivers gradually carved this place. The ceiling is 145 m high and the cave is 200 m wide. During the flooding season, much of this empty
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space is submerged underwater. You can understand from the basket over there. The water levels rise so much that it can carry objects up to that level. With a breathtaking lake in front of us, it was impossible not to take a quick
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dip. At dusk, the sound of swift birds echoes in the cave. Because of their short and weak legs, these birds can't take off from the ground and must jump from a high place to fly. If they are trapped on the ground, it means death is
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certain for these birds. This one was unlucky and waited to die. At sunrise, we're ready for the journey to Son Doong. If we call this cave a neighborhood, then Son Doong is a massive city in comparison. We will move to the
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darkness. Now, I can't help but wonder what awaits us in Son Doong. As we walk, dozens of crickets on the ground start jumping from side to side.
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The ground is covered with centuries of bat guano. Above us, countless bats hang in deep sleep, but some are awake and constantly defecating on us, so it's not a good idea to look up. That's how my arm looks. We pass by
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formations that look like travertine. The limestone steps take us to the path that leads to Son Doong. Wow, the view here is amazing. You can see some water coming down from both sides. En cave welcomed us for a night deep in the
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jungle. Now it's time to meet Son Doong Cave. It's trying to come to me. You know it's moving towards me. It knows what to leech on. It got too big.
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Beneath the soil we walk on lies the 450 million-year-old limestone formation which began forming long before the existence of humans or even dinosaurs.
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This calcium-rich limestone is composed of shells and skeletons of ancient sea animals that sank to the ocean floor and gradually compressed over millions of years. However, since calcium dissolves easily in acid, acid rain slowly erodes limestone and forms
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caves over time. This is how the world's largest cave was formed by rain dissolving limestone. A challenging final climb brings us down to the grand entrance of Son Doong. As we move deeper, everyone's switching on their headlamps now. This path will lead us to the Hope
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and Vision Passage. In this 9 km long cave, there is so much to explore. We might be the first to record newly discovered animals. This is the entrance of Son Doong Cave. You can see those people look tiny at the entrance. Even
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just a few steps in, we're surrounded by incredible cave formations. The water rich in minerals flows down from the ceilings or walls and builds these beautiful rimstone pools over time. The very first animal greeting us is a cricket. We are making our way through
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the rocks. Some stalagmites are sparkling in pure white because of the mineral type they're composed of. It looks like a diamond. Yes, it does. There's a huge stalactite in bronze color resembling frozen waterfalls. The orange-brown hues suggest the presence of iron or other
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minerals mixed within the limestone. Some stalactites have actually broken off from the ceiling and fell down to the ground. That one in the middle is a fault line. It was formed because of tectonic movements of the earth. Son Doong's
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enormous size is not just the result of water erosion, but also the fractures caused by tectonic movements which created pathways for water to flow deeper. There is a huge river in this part of the cave.
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If you fall, you can't swim. It's so fast. Heavy rains feed many rivers here.
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And a large and fast river now flows through the cave. How did this come to life? We are like hundreds of meters inside the cave.
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There is no sunlight. Heavy floods can bring soil and plant stems into the cave. That's why we see a sprouted seed here. Unfortunately, without sunlight, they won't survive for long. The flood also brought spores in. So now there are
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mushrooms growing here. The moisture and darkness are perfect for them. Just yesterday, the water reached up to here.
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It carried a lot of mud with it. It's so recent as if the fault just happened here. Signs of the incident are still visible. We reached the Hope and Vision Passage. This is the largest part of the cave. I'm standing next to the tallest
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stalagmite in the world. It is 80 m high. It took an average of 800,000 years for these minerals to accumulate on the ground as water dripped from the ceiling and formed this massive stalagmite. The reason it got so huge is because it grew
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in a part of the cave where the ceiling is over 170 m high and more than 130 m wide. So, this part of the cave is as large as a 40-story skyscraper could fit and even a double-decker aircraft could
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fly through. You can see the light coming from the first dune very far ahead. That's where we are heading. We spot cloudy-like white patches on the ground. What is this? A spiderweb. When they sense vibrations of a trapped
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insect, the spider jumps out, bites the prey, and returns to the funnel to eat.
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These are sand towers. When water drips from above, the parts under the pebbles are protected while their surroundings erode. And in the end, it forms these towers. It looks like a small metropolis. If you carefully look at it,
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there's a guy standing on the top of that rock. Our teammate in the far distance is now standing on a stalagmite of 60 m in length. We move 3 km forward in the cave. This is our camping
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site. Imagine sleeping here looking at this view. From here, you can partially see the first dune line. It might look like the cave's exit, but it's actually the first of two massive dune lines. And from here on, things will get more
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incredible. The temperature difference between the outside and the inside of the cave forms mist and clouds inside the cave. The area beyond them is called "Watch Out for Dinosaurs." We will explore that place tomorrow. For now, it's time
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to rest. Now we are going to the first dune. This is the next day. There will be a lot of things that we will see today.
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Let's go. We are crawling through narrow passages to get to the first dune. A very narrow point. These sticky threads are traps belonging to cave worms. They produc
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sticky threads. Once an insect gets stuck, the larvae pulls up the thread with its mouth and eats its prey. This limestone is the oldest limestone in Southeast Asia. It is more than 400 million years old. While some sea
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creatures become part of the limestone others mineralized and ended up as fossils like you see in this example.
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We'll get into the details of this fossil later. We're almost there, son. Well, it takes for water droplets to reach the ground for like 20 seconds from up there. What is the height of this wall? It's around 140 m. Everything
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is huge here. When you look up, you can see the trees of the rainforest surrounding the opening. But right now, we are meters below and still inside the cave. The reason why this hole exists is that hundreds of thousands of years ago, the
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river flowing inside Song Dong eroded the limestone and weakened the roof. The roof couldn't hold up and collapsed creating this giant hole above. So, the light gave life to these algaes and mosses. In the afternoon, we'll go to
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Delane number two. It's very different. You'll see a real jungle there. But first, let's see the first of the last two incredible formations here. This is also a stellag might but it's a different one. It owes its unique layered shape to the
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waterfalls. These are phytocarst formations. They're rare limestone formations shaped by the growth of algae mosses and microorganisms together with calcium carbonate. Since both biological and geological processes shape them they're like partly a living and partly non-living. Here you can see the
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phytocarse formations moving toward the sun like a hand extending from the cave. Climbing 1 km down and up in the dark we finally reached our next destination.
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This is the second dolan. Much bigger than the first one. This looks amazing. All of a sudden, we are in a forest in a cave. Look here. They're so dense. The roof of the cave at this point collapsed
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as a result of the intersection of two main faults, forming a due line on the surface 252 m above where we are. The collapsed cave roof allowed sunlight to enter, giving rise to an entirely new ecosystem. Despite extreme conditions
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plants and animals have managed to adapt and turn this place into a unique underground rainforest. As we move forward towards the light, the height of the plants grow. The soil makes it perfect to form a rainforest. A large
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portion of the soil here consists of bat guano. It is accumulated for millions of years and is highly fertile. The soil here is deep and full of small holes.
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There is an insect in each hole and the insects are making traps in these falls to catch animals. This jungle is huge.
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The biologists have found more than 200 species of plants and almost 60 species of animals living in this area. There are some monkeys on trees. This might be the only cave where monkeys live. Most primates typically prefer trees as their
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habitat and cave environments are not suitable for them. However, this extraordinary cave has become a new living space for certain species. We came across a centipede and snakes are living in this forest as well.
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Sound of this forest is calming. Even the explorers who first came here in 2009 thought they'd found the exit for a moment. Remember that we are in a cave. This cave has its own rainforest.
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All of these trees get thinner but taller to reach the sunlight coming from above. That's why all of them are very thin but very tall compared to their width. Certain trees reach heights of 40 to 50 m. It's because the trees
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prioritize height to maximize sunlight absorption. This is the remains of a snail. Monkeys catch these snails and break them with stones, then eat them.
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As we move through the cave, we start coming across signs redshin dukes have left behind. Look, so many snails. Most of them are broken and probably eaten by a monkey. We kind of forget we're in the cave because it's so massive. This is
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where we are going to camp tonight. It's our fourth and final day in the cave.
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Today, we navigate through a waterfield passage before reaching the Great Wall of Vietnam. The stagmites here look fascinating almost like the work of a sculptor. A pool of water surrounds this column and fish are swimming in it.
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These fish have no eyes as they have adapted to live in this total darkness.
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Instead, their other senses got stronger over time. See how it doesn't give any reaction to the shadow of my hand or the movement. It doesn't see anything. Like the fish, this cricket is completely blind. It doesn't see me.
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These super rare formations are called cave pearls. They are usually 1 cm in diameter, but here since they are too old, some of them are as big as a tennis ball. Just like real pearls, they form around a tiny nucleus, such as a grain
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of sand with layers of minerals slowly building up over time. They need a few hundred years to be fully formed. As we push further into the cave, something unexpected catches our eyes. These are deer bones. They're estimated to be 500
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years old. There is one last challenge ahead. An 80 m high carst wall called the Great Wall of Vietnam. To reach there, we must also pass through a 600 m long Passanddale passage. The passage is now filled with water and is turned into
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a breathtaking jade green lake. It's so high that the light does not reach to very top.
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After the wall, the light from the exit is visible from 500 meters away. We have explored the world's largest cape from one end to the other. Yet on the fourth day of the exploration, one mystery still remains. Which ancient creature
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the fossil we saw in Sondong belongs to. I'm opening opera browser and quickly navigating to the cave's website to check the related article. Here we'll find the same fossil's image and its description. I'm going to press command slash or control slash to open area.
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It's a built-in AI tool. Let's ask it to highlight the key points in this article. The article mentions two different coral fossils, but doesn't specify which image belongs to which creature. Luckily, Arya has image recognition feature. I'm going to upload
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the image and ask again. Okay, it identifies the fossil we saw etc. Corolia. Let's check for more information on this sea creature. First I'm using the tab islands feature to effortlessly group tabs by topic and save space. I can expand or collapse
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them as needed. I'm splitting the browser window to view both websites side by side. It appears that tetracoria or rugosa went extinct 300 million years ago. This carnivorous species is believed to have had tentacles to catch its prey and grew up to 10 cm. Because
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it is extinct today, we don't know exactly what this animal looked like. But with Arya's image generation feature, we can create a possible visual for this animal. Here's an illustration of a living tetracolia drawn as a colony with
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tentacles. By the way, tab traces feature, as you can see here, help us see our recent visited tabs by darkening the underscore. The darker the underline, the more recently the tab was visited. Using Opera smart tools, I believe that we identified which
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creature this fossil belongs to. Opera also enhances workflow with a floating music player and customizable themes with many other features. Download Opera now from the link in the description box or pin comment to take your browsing experience to the next level. Thank you
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for watching. See you in the next one. Ruhi Chennet was here.
Topics:Son Doonglargest caveVietnam caveunderground rainforestcave ecosystemstalagmitesphytocarstcave explorationOxalis expeditionprehistoric cave
