Speaker A
okay so first we will see about what is database so if you see the real time example okay so if you go for any application three layers should be there so first one is uh can call as a uh
Introduction to databases, DBMS concepts, and the role of application, web server, and database layers in data management.
Key Takeaways
- Applications typically have three layers: UI, application/web server, and database.
- File systems store unstructured data and are inefficient for complex data management.
- DBMS organizes data into tables, enabling structured storage and efficient querying.
- A database consists of multiple related tables, each holding specific data types.
- Database management involves CRUD operations facilitated by database software.
Summary
- Explains the three-layer architecture of applications: UI (application layer), web/application server, and database layer.
- Describes the role of the UI in capturing data and the middle layer in processing database operations like insert, update, and delete.
- Discusses the limitations of file systems for data storage, highlighting unstructured data and difficulty in managing and querying data.
- Introduces the concept of Database Management System (DBMS) and how it organizes data into structured tables.
- Defines a database as a collection of related tables, each storing specific types of data (e.g., customer table, transaction table).
- Explains database management activities including inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data from tables.
- Emphasizes the need for database software to perform management tasks on the database.
- Clarifies the difference between file systems, DBMS, and databases in terms of data structure and management capabilities.
- Uses real-time examples like banking applications to illustrate database concepts and transactions.
- Highlights the importance of structured data storage for efficient data retrieval and management.
Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown
Speaker A
application layer one minute okay so first this is called AS application layer this is application so application and for example if you go for any banking application or any portal right so any financial application so we will do or
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some transaction all right we will enter some data or we will retrieve some data right also we will register some data so if we go for some websites it will ask for the registration so we will enter all your personal data phone number
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contact details right so that data will be provided through UI application so this is called client okay so whatever data we are passing from application that will be stored in some database that will be stored in some database
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something okay right so we have an application this is called an application that is called UI and we have some database database is nothing but a storage area so whatever transactions we are doing from the application side that data will be
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stored on the database side so basically what is database if you go for any software or any application these two layers are mandatory okay so one is whatever the way we can do the trans ction the UI is required and also
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whatever data we are passing from that application that data should be stored in some place that is called as a storage area storage area in normal terminology we can call it a storage area that is also called as database and
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these are the basic two layer one is application layer and another is database layer if it is a web application in between these two there is one more layer called web server web server this is one more layer
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and also called application server this is also one more layer application server web server and application server so basically it will start from the UI and whatever transaction we are doing from the UI that will be updating or
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inserting everything will happen on the database side and data this is a basically data storage area and between these two there will be another layer called as a web server or application server so each comp component has its
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own functionality so we can see the UI so whatever the UI is displayed that we can see but if I enter some data after clicking on submit button what is happening so whatever data we are entering here that data will be captured
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by this component and in this component there will be some logic okay that logic is take care of inserting or updating or deleting data into the database okay so that is a middle layer so how the data will be stor in the database side but
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initial days when databases are not there initially the data will be stored in the text files so text format if we go for any text file we can put some data there and save it that is called as
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file format that is called as a file format this is the first way of storing the data files the data will be stored on the files and what is a problem if I store the data into the files what is
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the problem here we cannot manage data properly so if I see if I want to store some employee data here how we can store I cannot divide as a rows and columns right so this will be this normal static
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way I cannot suppose here if I want to store some data EMP ID or EMP name or EMP okay salary if I store data like this suppose employee number 101 suppose ABC or salary is 5,000 so if I want to
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store the data like this so what is the problem here so this is called unstructured Data unstructured data so if I store data in the files we cannot access the data using some queries so we cannot access suppose if I want to only
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get the particular employee information or if I want to get the employee data whose salary is more than some number if I want to do some kind of if I want to retrieve some kind of values or some
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kind of data from the application or database that is not possible in text files okay and also moreover this is unstructured data we cannot say this is structured kind of data okay accessing data and putting the data into the files
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is very difficult task that is the main problem in the file system so the data storage concept initially comes from the file system so the data will be stored on the files basically files and later point of time what they have done is
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they have implemented a concept called dbms concept database management system database management system so how DD dbms will organize here data will be stored on the format of tables format of tables so how the data will be stor like
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this suppose employee ID is one column employee name is column salary is column and within the columns we have we can store any number of data into the tables so we can store the data into the tables okay and static tables whatever data we
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are passing from that application that will be stored on the tables so this is called as a dbms concept database management system so basically dbms is a theoretical concept database management system what is database here collection of tables is called as a database
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database is doesn't have not only one table it contains many number of tables okay if I take any banking application for example we have a customer table and also we have a transaction table also we have Administration table each table
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contains its own data for example if I take transaction table it contains only the transaction data so what it contains usually who is sending the money or who is receiver and what uh amount they have sent okay in which time they have sent
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so that kind of the transaction ID so that kind of information will be stored on the transaction table and if you go for the customer table if customer table the customer information so what is the customer name customer mobile number
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customer email ID customer address what is the his balance right so that kind of information will be stored on the customer table so each related information will be stored on the related tables so all the tables together we can call as a database
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database not dbms all tables we can call as a database to managing the database so how to manage this database okay we have have some tables in the database how to manage them what is the managing of database managing of the database in
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the sense Wherever Whenever we want to insert some data we should able to insert the data through application and also whenever I want to update some employee data or update some data in the tables I should able to do
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that and also whenever I want to see some report kind of stuff suppose if I provide some transaction number you can get the all the det dets right when you did the transaction and what amount you have transferred so that kind of
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information you will get from the database when you provide the transaction ID so whenever you want to select some data from the database you need you should able to do that type of transaction so these are all kinds of
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activities all comes under the management okay inserting data updating data deleting data or retrieving data from the database so these these kind of all activities are called as a database management system database management system right so then what is how we can
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do the database management so how we can store the tables and how we can update the tables right how to delete the tables or how to select the data from the tables so these all activities we have to do for that we have some
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softwares called database softwares DB softwares right so the softwares will support to do these activities called as databases right inserting updating and retrieving the data right or selecting the data so if we want to do these kind of activities we need some software that
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software is called as a database okay so what is the file system and what is the dbms what is the database you're clear now file system the data will be stored in the unru format so we cannot apply all kinds of
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activities on the file system that is not a flexible way so that they have implemented New Concept called as a dbms database management system concept so dbms is says this is a basically simple management system so how to uh manage the database those Concepts
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it will tell so how to manage the database means in which way we will manage the database while inserting data updating data retrieving data right and deleting data so these are all management activities if I want to do
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those kind of activities we need one software that software is called as a database software and later point of time in dbms also there is some limitations for example in dbms in database in database management system if you have multiple
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tables suppose if you have number of tables in database management system right if I want to do some activities here okay so whatever data I'm inserting here that data can be stored in one table or multiple tables right so not
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only one table not only a single table it can be stored in multiple tables when I retrieve the data from the database again the data we will get from the multiple tables so in this case there should be a relationship between the
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tables there should be a relationship between the tables so in dbms concept the related data for example employee table is there okay and also I have Department table is there two tables usually employee table contains the employee data right so for example
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employee ID employee name salary designation hire date Sal okay these kind of information will be stored in the employee Table and there is a department table it contains the department number and Department name department number and Department name so
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what is relationship between between the these two tables if I enter the employee data from that application the data is directly stored in the employee table and if I enter the department data from the application that will stored in the
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department table okay so for example if I want to retrieve the data from the both the tables for example I want to get some employee data who is working on the specific Department okay so but in EMP table
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there is a department number is there but Department name is not there but in Department table we have a department number and also we have a department name but if I want to get the employee who is related to particular Department
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name how we can get the data so it should the query should refers to the two tables in this case right we cannot get the data only from one table because employee table having only basic information only we have department
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number but Department name is not there if I want to get Department name apart from the department number again I should relate to employee table to the department table so the relationship should be has to be there without
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relationship employee table will be the different and Department table will be the different there is no relationship we cannot get the exact data right so this relationships should be there between the database objects or database tables so later point of time what they
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have done is on top of dbms they have implement A New Concept called as rdbms relational database rdbms relational database management system so rdbms is a advanced concept of dbms right so whatever the limitations are there in the database management
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system they have fixed those problems and later time they introduced rdbms software relational database management M system so there are some software which are examples for dbms only dbms part and there are some examples of software which supports
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rdbms okay this is overall idea of what is a file system what is dbms what is database and what is rdbms okay now we will see small definition so first we will talk about what is database okay so how we can Define the data it
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is collection of meaningful data this is the definition of database it is a collection of it is a collection of meaningful data or we can have one more definition this is one definition one more definition is it is
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group of group of objects group of objects what is an object here table is one object basic entity of the database is a table by default the data will be stored on the tables right so table is one
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object after that there will be some different more different object called views we will discuss everything in the next classes okay table and Views okay and functions udfs we can call as UDF user defined function or procedure okay or trigger so Etc so
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these are all called also we have a synonym this is called as a synonym so these are all called different kinds of database objects so one more definition is it is a group of objects so like table views synonyms UDS procedures
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stickers everything is an object as part of database so database is a collection of meaningful data collection of meaningful data and what is the dbms database management system so dbms is management system this is the definition actually okay dbms is
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management system which manages the database object and data as well database object and as well database so what are the activities so what are the database activity in dbms point of view we can create the objects and we
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can we can inserting the data into the objects and also we can deleting the data into the objects deleting data from from the objects and also we can retrieve or select data from the objects right so these are all different kinds of
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activities we can do on top of dbms so if you want to do these type of activities we need a database softwares database softwares so what is the database software so database software is a software using that software we can perform these
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type of activities the software the software is used for doing dbms or rdbms activities the software is used for doing dbms and rbms activities is called database it's called database so now dbms so what is basically uh dbms is a
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database it collect it is has a group of objects but there is no relationship between the objects there is no relationship between objects every table is independent but later time Point later time point of time they have introduced rdbms concept rdb Ms Concepts
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this is called relational relational database database management system relational database management system so what it contains it establish the relationship relationships between the database objects relation between the database objects that is called rbms and what are the different databases are available in
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the market what are the different examples so if you go for only dbms examples are Ms access Ms access is a Microsoft product Ms access you will by default you will get with the MS Office Word Excel PowerPoint after that you can see the MS
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ACC that is a one software used for dbms and in olden days there is a software called dbase and also there is a software called Fox Pro so these are all very very old almost 15 years 20 years back
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softwares Ms access DBS and fox these are all only dbms related software initially the database concept is started from these softwares and later time of time they have introduced rdbms concept so what are the databases example for rbms
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dbms so from rdbms the databases become very much popular okay so example Oracle Oracle is a rtpms software and also mssql server this is one more software rdbms software and db2 this is IBM Oracle is software the company is also called Oracle okay the
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Oracle is a product of Oracle and mssql server Microsoft SQL Server this is a Microsoft database and db2 is a IBM product this is IBM developed IBM database and apart from this we have so many other softwares myql this is free
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source we can easily download and install in our mission this is free source remaining are all license based okay and my SQL and also we have sbase and also we have terra data right so Terra data so Etc these
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are all databases comes under the rdbms software relational database Management Systems Oracle mssql server ibmdb to mySQL sbase and Terra data so this is one generation okay Ms access dbas foxb these kind of databases are there in one
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generation in initial days later later point of time they have introduced rdbms softwares called Oracle seal server this one okay and if you see this one in both dbms and rdbms data will be stored as a structured format in the form of tables
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or views synonyms everything in rdbms also the data will be the stored in the structure format but still there are limitations in the rdbms so what are the limitations in the rdbms so so in rdbms if you want to store the data where we
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can store the data in hard drives in tables right in the tables in the sense hardly say the tables are exist in the hard drive right so based upon the size of the database whatever the size we allotted to particular database that
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much data we can store on the database so if I want to store more data it should not be any limits there so what kind of mechanism we should use so later time of later time of time what they
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have done is they have introduced One More Concept called as a big data concept this is called Big Data nowadays this is a very much popular concept you have I think you heard this word big data so what is Big Data here so I'll
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show small example here I have one database okay this is called one normal database rtbm software I have client applications many kind of application this is one application this is one applications they are doing some activities against the they inserting
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updating deleting data everything now at certain time after certain time what will happen is for example in this database I have allocated some space called uh 1 TB one terabyte space I have allocated to the this particular database after one TB is completed so
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whatever the data we are doing from that application what will happen that data cannot be stored on the database the memory is full memory is full so then what will happen the client side you will get some error like we don't have
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the space on the database side so we don't know when this will be become fulled we don't expect how much data will come from the client right so in this case what they can do is they have introduced One More Concept on top of
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this t this is again rdbms relational database management system softwares like Oracle SQL Server etc etc and what they have introduced is they have introduced A New Concept called Hadoop Big Data Hadoop Big Data concept so what this will do is this
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will have many number of notes at the back end notes in the sense against servers okay and first it will receive the data in the database first so it will check the space if there is a space the data will be stored here if there is
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no space at all or data is related to the different thing for example in this I can store uh for example if if you go for any company there are so many departments on there so for example sales department account department and
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admin Department assume that there are three different departments are there all kind of tables are stored in one place okay so if I want to retrieve the data what will happen if I want to retrieve some sales information right
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where the sales information stored on sales database and account database or admin database right it sets for all kinds of tables in this particular database and it will retrieve but if I want to store each database in different
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machines for example here I will store the sales here I will store the account data and here I will store the admin data so what will happen whenever I get the query immediately we will check the query which department and send that
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query to the appropriate server what will happen now there is no conflict between the data and also searching will be very much faster and if this particular server is become full automatically the data will be push into the whichever's node is
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free in that particular Network so this is again little Advanced concept than rdbms concept okay this is all called Hadoop and big data so here the examples are hi hi okay and there is H base there is hpas and also there is a
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software called Pig okay so these are all little Advanced nowadays recently they came into the market okay this is more over than the rdbms okay so basically this is the theoretical concept so what is the database what is the dbms and what are
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the different activities we can do as part of dbms if you want to do these activities we need a software so that software is called as a database software the examples are this one Oracle SQL Server IBM db2 my SQL cbase
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so except my SQL all other databases are licensed based all other databases are licensed based but still Oracle and mssql server you can download and install your machion if you install a professional version if you download professional version that requ that
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doesn't require any license key okay you can install and work I'll show that also okay so this is basic information so what is SQL then structured query language structured query language structured query language so every database every database having two kinds of
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components every database is having the two kinds of components DB database is divided into two kinds one is database server one is called database server and another one is called database client DB Cent so if you install any database
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softwares you will get these two kinds of components one is DB client another one is called database server let me explain this every database contains two k one is DB client and second one is DB server so what is the purpose of DB client and
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what is the purpose of DB server so see this DB client is different this component is different okay and application is again different so if you I'm talking about only database if you install database in your mission you
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will get these two database client and database server so these two no need to be in the same machine database server can be in a different machine and database client will be present on the different machine okay there is no rule
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like both should be present on the same machine but if you install database server you will get automatically client also but if you install only client you will not get the database server that is not there okay in real time in companies
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what they will do is they will install database server on the remote machine and they will install client database client on all users so in company for example there are five users are working five database users are working but five
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machines they won't install database they will install exact database is one machine in server this is called database server and in each machion each Mission they will install only database client database client so using database client they will connect to the same
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database they will connect to the same database and do the same activities so this is one way other way is if you install database Auto automatically you will get the database server plus also client DB plus client both you will get
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but if you install only client while installation it will ask you want to database server or you want to install only client if you select database server you will get database server plus client but if you select only the client
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you will get only the client you will not get database server so if you install only the client you cannot work with the database if you install complete database then you will get you will get the client as well as you can
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work with the database okay so this is a scenario actually so what is DB client and what is database server this is very very important again so whatever we talk about the database objects like tables views synony users processes triggers
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right so these are all objects will be stored on some place if I want to store them in one place they require some space in the memory right so that memory will provided by the database server so all objects will be stored on database
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server it can be table store processor triggers functions everything whatever you do against the database everything will be stored on the database server side so this is called as a storage area storage area okay and this is a responsible for
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storing area we have to allocate some space for here for some space to this while installation and what is database client suppose in database server the data will be stored on the different format in the table structure or again internally
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table is again encrypted format we cannot exactly see the data whatever data is stored on the database side we cannot see exactly physically we cannot even understand the data where it is stored why it is stored how much it
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stored we cannot assume that just it will show that it will store the data in the database even if you say if you see the text file so if I write something here if I save this file in the user
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perspective what we will think okay this text file is having this much of data this data we are able to understand but internally memory perspective the complete data will be stored in the machine language that me bits and bytes
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format okay that we cannot understand but whenever we want to open the file when you open the file again that will convert as a noral English format and then only we can understand the data in the same way in database prospective
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also if you install or if you send some data to the database the data will be stored on the database in different kind of language okay inside we cannot see or we cannot modify that particular data in the database side if you want to see the
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data or if you want to do some modification or if you want to do some insert or delete or update we need a client software we need to see first right we need to display the records or we need to delete the records or we need
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to insert the data so if you want to do these particular operations we need a client software we need a client software in the same way for example uh if you go for any banking application we will get some client application right
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so there we need to enter login username and password then we need to enter some receiver sender amount transfer so these kind of information we are entering right so that is UI kind of stuff that is a client so whatever the place we are
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interacting with the database that is called as a client right so basically the client is used for the connecting to the database and do some kind of activities against the database that is all about the client and exactly where
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the data will be stored but the data will be stored on the database server okay so if you install database server completely you will get the client also in same machine but if you install only client you will not get the
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database server but you still need a database server which is stor which is installed on the remote location in real time that is a scenario in real time 50 employees are working but 50 employees is 15 times they won't install database
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servers because the size will be very much used and those many licenses they don't have so they will purchase one database license they will install that database into the database one server and remaining all machines they will install the clients because client is
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free client is free but database will be cost okay so they will install the client applications or client software in all the machines they will interact through client to the database but again all are connecting to the same database
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but they are using different clients okay so every database having the client as well as a database server so now what is database client at the server DB client is a interface is an interface used for used for connecting to
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database connecting to database and one more important thing is database client can will be the two modes one is CLI mode command line interface and also GUI mode graphical user interface when databases are introduced in the market in initial
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date initial days there is only the C part command line interface what is command line interface we can execute all the commands only through command line for example if you go for here do proms right just a moment so if I see
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here here if you open the CMD this is the command prompt so if I type di here what will happen it display the all the files right so in even Windows also we can do every operation using a command
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prompt or we can do just like a mouse UI part right if I go for if I want to see some files what are the files exist in the C drive just to navigate to the C drive you can see the all the files here
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but if you want to do the same thing using command prompt so navigate to CD do do CD do do command now I am on the SE drive now if I print di command it will show the all the files which are
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present in the cve this is called CLI command line interface and this is called whatever we are using Windows this is called gu interface right so in this way for every database client it can be a CLI mode or it can be a GUI
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mode every database client having both CLI as well as GUI okay and if I use CLI mode we have to know all the commands we have to remember all the commands everything should be as a command we need to type everything and if you go
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for the UI part there also we can use commands plus we can do some navigation using Mouse operations just we can like create a table or just we can write simple insert statement in the UI part okay it will show some interface so for
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example if I go for SQL Developer is a UA interface so SQL Developer this is a one client database client used for connecting to the database suppose this it is purely UI so we can see all the tables databases what are the different
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objects are present in the database everything we can see using this client but using command prompt if I want to do the same things we have to type some we have to type some commands so otherwise we cannot see the data in the database
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so this is called CLI client and this is called G UI client U client so if I open S developer this is one of the Oracle client okay and see see this these are all the different database connections I
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have created okay so these are suppose if I want to connect if I want to see these properties of this so these are all the data values so what is this IP and port and this this is information about the
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exact database where the database will be installed in the some remote location I don't have the database in my local I I have only the client I have local but if I want to connect to the database which is remotely located I need to
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provide that machine address and also I need to provide the port of the database and Sid and then username and password then I can connect if I click on connect operation simply this will connect to the database but still I am in the local
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machion the client is in the local machion but still it is connecting to the remote database just a moment okay this is not able to connect I okay I'll use a different database see this if you see the
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connection properties these are connection property okay so now if I click on this not protction refused okay we'll go for this test see this connection is Success if I click on the connect you can expand this DED once connection is successful if I
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expand this tree see this you will get the UI so here you can create all your select statement insert statement update statement all the commands we have to provide from the UI side also if you see the right side you can see the tables so
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how many tables are present in this database and these are all called tables these are all tables are created in the database and also views indexes packages procedures functions so these are all called database objects so this is a UI
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part this is a UI client GUI client so if you want to go for the CLI client if you install only Oracle you will get the C client also you go for the application development application development see this SQL plus this is a command prompt
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if I open this you will get the command prompt here you need to enter username and the password then it will connect to the command so there you need to enter all the commands so so there are two
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types of clients are there for the database one is CLI part and another is GUI part okay now DB client is an interface used for connecting to the database it can be CLI command line interface or graphical user interface GUI graphical
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inter and what is a DB server so DB server is storage area storage area where the database objects and data will be stored got my point so this is a database client and database server so what is SQL here structure query
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language see this okay we have a database server okay so we have a database server okay this is located this is called database server and also we have a database client it can be GUI or it can be GUI or CLI so now I have some
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table here I have some table here okay so now through client if I want to insert some data into the table I should give some command here I should give some command like insert command I should give if I
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provide a insert command the command what they will do is whatever data we are specifying here the data will be sent to this particular database and Stor into the table so what is insert command here insert is a
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command it is that the database can be understand right so update is a command and also delete is one command select is one command so these are all the commands the database can understand right only these commands the database
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can understand other than this if I specify any other keywords or else our own language database cannot understand so whatever the database is understand the language that is called as database langage that is called structured query language structured query language so
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structured query language is as a language which is understandable by the all the database all the database so we have a Oracle database we have a SQL Server database we have a db2 database for all the database the SQL is a core this is a
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Common Language if I write inser statement in Oracle the same inser statement will work on SQL server and also same inser statement will work on the db2 why because SQL is a core language for all the databases for all
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the databases so if I if you learn SQL for Oracle the same SQL will work for the SQL Server as well as db2 apart from the SQL there is a concept called PL SQL procedural language so this is again programming
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concept so if you want to do some programming stuff we need to depending on the plsql this is little advanced than SQL but this will be changed this will be changed from database to database if you learn PL SQL that is
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only for Oracle but for SQL Server there will be a concept called tsql transactional SQL so the this part will be changed to database to database but SQL is a common language for every database that's why if you learn SQL you
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can interact or you can work with any database you can work with the SQL Server you can work with the Oracle db2 side base dat data whatever database will be there in the company the same SQL work against the
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database so SQL is a language used for interacting with the database objects we use it to talk some language to the database so database can understand only the SQL only the SQL that's what this is called structured query language so we
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are giving the simple English statement just insert into some table some data or select some employee number ID from employee table simple English statements simple English statement which can be understandable by the database so those statements those commands are part of
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SQL structured query language okay so the SQL what is SQL now SQL is a language SQL is a language used for used to communicate with the database objects so database can understand only the SQL language SQL language this is a
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common for again all the databases this is common for all the databases okay now this is overall a theoretical concept so what is the database what is the dbms what kind of activities we can do as part of dbms and
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what is the database software right so what is dbms and rdbms examples of rdbms and what is the database DB client and DB server so DB client is an interface used for connecting to the database it can be either C mode or gy mode and DB
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server is a storage area where the database objects and data will be stored as I said if you install database you get two components while installation itself it will ask either you need installation client or you need installation the server if you install
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the server you will get if you try to install the server you will get server plus client both will be present in the same machine but if you install only the client you will have only the client you will not get the server it
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will not be there but if you want to work with the database database server should be present because that is exact storage area right so these are all theoretical part these are all theoretical part now throughout the SQL we fully
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concentrating on the Oracle part okay so now if you learn the SQL then later you can work with the SQL Server db2 whatever you want okay I will show you see Oracle throughout the SQL learning I will use only the Oracle and then I'll
Speaker A
show the SQL Server okay same thing how we can do in the SQL Server also that is very important clear and look
Topics:databaseDBMSapplication layerweb serverdata storagefile systemstructured datadatabase managementSQLdata retrieval
