🎯¿Cómo funcionan los RECEPTORES en tu cuerpo? — Transcript

Explore how sensory receptors in the human body detect stimuli and convert them into signals for nervous system communication.

Key Takeaways

Sensory receptors detect environmental changes and convert stimuli into nervous signals.
All sensory receptors share a mechanism involving membrane potential changes and calcium-regulated neurotransmitter release.
Different receptor types respond to specific stimuli: chemical, mechanical, thermal, and light.
Peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors have specialized roles in monitoring blood gases and mechanical forces.
Understanding receptor function is essential for grasping human physiological responses.

Summary

The video explains the role of sensory receptors in detecting internal and external environmental changes.
It covers the common features of sensory receptor cells, including their ability to receive stimuli, modify responses, and communicate via neurotransmitter release.
Focus is given to sensory receptors that communicate with neurons, highlighting the role of calcium-regulated exocytosis.
Different types of sensory receptors are introduced: chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
Chemoreceptors detect chemical molecules such as oxygen, CO2, protons, and molecules related to taste and smell.
Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stretching through ionotropic channels that open upon membrane deformation.
The video discusses specific examples like peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid bodies and mechanoreceptors in skin, inner ear, and muscles.
It explains the molecular mechanisms behind receptor activation, including changes in membrane potential and calcium channel regulation.
The communication process involves neurotransmitter release triggered by calcium entry, activating SNARE proteins for exocytosis.
Photoreceptors and detailed receptor mechanisms will be covered in subsequent videos.

Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown

Speaker A

Will you be able to guess what we are going to do or talk about in this video? I'm sure you have successful receivers. And if there is something important in the study of human physiology, it is the power to understand how our body responds to constant changes in the environment, both external and internal. To be able to respond to something, first you have to detect that change. So, to understand human physiology, first we have to understand how the receivers, our sensors, detect all the possible variables.

Speaker A

to constant changes in the environment external and internal and to be able to respond to something, first you have to detect that change.So to understand the human physiology, first we have to understand how the receivers, our sensors of all

Speaker A

So, in this video, we are going to talk about that: the types of sensory receptors that we have and the molecular mechanisms that will make any stimulus become a signal, normally nervous, to communicate with our integration center. The answers that are generated, we will leave for the rest of the subject.

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that are generated we leave them for the rest of the subject.So, first thing, What do receivers have in common?

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So, first thing, what do receivers have in common? Sensitive? What does a cell have to have so that we say it is a receiver? It must have the capacity to receive the stimulus, to modify depending on a stimulus, and the ability to respond.

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sensory, a cell sensitive to a stimulus?Well, it's going to be the same in all of them.

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Let's start with the end. How does a receiver respond? Sensory, a cell sensitive to a stimulus? Well, it's going to be the same in all of them. They... That's why I start there because it is the simplest. They will respond by releasing a molecule to communicate with another cell.

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also sensors, receivers that will act directly on the system endocrine.For example, cells of the pancreas that detect levels of glucose and they will respond by releasing a hormone.But here we go focus on the vast majority who are the

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With which one? With a sensory neuron. We are going to focus on the receptors that affect the system highly strung. It is true that we will also have sensors, receivers that will act directly on the endocrine system. For example, cells of the pancreas that detect levels of glucose and they will respond by releasing a hormone.

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So, they all have in common that These cells will release neurotransmitter. We call it a neurotransmitter, although some have nothing to do with one neuron, but they are going to release neurotransmitter to communicate with another neuron, as you see here.

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But here we go focus on the vast majority who are the sensory receptors that communicate with neurons. That is why I have put you in yellow the sensory neurons and you have the receivers painted blue.

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exocytosis, okay?They are exocytosis regulated.So in all cases, that now we will see one by one, I will have release of that neurotransmitter.

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So, they all have in common that these cells will release neurotransmitter. We call it a neurotransmitter, although some have nothing to do with one neuron, but they are going to release neurotransmitter to communicate with another neuron, as you see here.

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membrane.They all have that in common. I insist, not only the neurons or the muscles change their potentials membrane to stimulate.All the sensitive receptors will receive a change in membrane potential will lead to the opening of channels of calcium voltage, calcium enters and

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So, that process is the same in all of them. For there to be exocytosis of neurotransmitter, I need calcium to enter that area of the cell, because calcium is the molecule that will activate SNARE proteins to do the process of exocytosis, okay? They are exocytosis regulated.

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Okay, that's the same for all of them.So, What we are going to see now is the beginning, What do each of these cells have?

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So, in all cases, that now we will see one by one, I will have release of that neurotransmitter. As due to the entry of calcium. So, in all of them, we would have to put that there is activation of calcium channels voltage regulated. Therefore, in all the cells, we are going to need there is a change in your membrane potential.

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have chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors, of thermoreceptors and we will leave for finally the photoreceptors.Afterwards the drawing, although this will be explained in another video.So if it is a receptor chemo is because in the membrane of these cells I will have some

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They all have that in common. I insist, not only the neurons or the muscles change their membrane potentials to stimulate. All the sensitive receptors will receive a change in membrane potential that will lead to the opening of channels of calcium voltage. Calcium enters and then exocytosis of the molecule.

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peripheral that detects levels of oxygen in the blood, but it is always a molecule.However, if it is a mecanore, what I will have in the membrane of these cells is a regulated receptor by mechanical stretching.Which is it?

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That is the same in all of them. Okay, I don't think I'm missing any. Okay, that's the same for all of them. So, what we are going to see now is the beginning. What do each of these cells have to end this depolarization which promotes the entry of calcium to communicate with another?

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Well, in the receptors of the skin or in the receivers, for example, of the ciliated cells of the inner ear.EITHER It will also happen to us in the varorceptors, pressure detectors arterial or in the proprioceptors, receptors, muscle stretching

Speaker A

So, now we are going to distinguish the types of receivers depending on the type of stimulus that stimulates them, worth the redundancy. Let's distinguish chemoreceptors. On this side, we are going to have chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and we will leave for finally the photoreceptors.

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a photon of light.So, as you see, They all have the common part.And are they different?Well what of what way the stimulus is going to change the membrane potential of these cells.

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Afterwards, the drawing, although this will be explained in another video. So, if it is a receptor chemo, it is because in the membrane of these cells I will have some receptor that detects a molecule chemistry, which can be a molecule present in food if it is a receptor gustatory, an odorant molecule in its olfactory receptor, or it may be the oxygen, CO2, or protons if it is, for example, a chemoreceptor peripheral that detects levels of oxygen in the blood, but it is always a molecule.

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Okay?Of these we have two types.The peripheral chemoreceptors, which are the ones I'm going to draw here, which are the glomus cells and which are located in the carotid bodies, that is, the carotids, which are among the first arteries almost where blood is found

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However, if it is a mechanoreceptor, what I will have in the membrane of these cells is a regulated receptor by mechanical stretching. Which is it? Which ones do we know? Well, they are ionic channels, they are type receptors ionotropic that will always open when there is a deformation of the membrane, a stretch.

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mainly oxygen, but also of CO2, also of protons.As Do they respond to oxygen?Well look, it is very simple.they are going to have some channels ionic, potassium channels that are going to inhibit, they are going to close when we have

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Where is this going to happen? Well, in the receptors of the skin or in the receivers, for example, of the ciliated cells of the inner ear. Either it will also happen to us in the baroreceptors, pressure detectors arterial, or in the proprioceptors, receptors, muscle stretching or the tension of the tendons.

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In the first situation there are different mechanisms.When I have the oxygen low, it may be due to the activation of some certain proteins, it may be due to a imbalance in the levels of reduced and oxidized proteins oxidized by the mitochondria.

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And then, that is, we will have chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, we will have thermoreceptors, which we will see those channels or those receivers how they open, and as I say last, the photoreceptors that will be stimulated by a photon of light.

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potassium channel, potassium no longer comes out of the cell.Do you know that potassium always tends to come out motivated by his concentration gradient and if it does not come out stays insideAnd if he stays inside, They are positive charges, I am

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So, as you see, they all have the common part. And are they different? Well, what way the stimulus is going to change the membrane potential of these cells.

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become, thanks to nidrase carbon dioxide, CO2 together with water converts bicarbonate ion and protons.

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Now we start with the chemoreceptors. Within the chemoreceptors, let's start with the ones I have drawn up here, which would be the sensors, receivers of the levels oxygen, CO2, and blood pH.

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cotransporter, rather a bomb, a cotransporter that removes protons from the cell and that takes in sodium.So yes we block this cotransporter, if not we are taking protons out of the cell, we are raising proton levels and we have agreed, we have just said that

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Okay? Of these, we have two types. The peripheral chemoreceptors, which are the ones I'm going to draw here, which are the glomus cells and which are located in the carotid bodies, that is, the carotids, which are among the first arteries almost where blood is found.

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central nervousIn this case it would be the medulla oblongata, which is where the respiratory control center.AND I would already execute the response, which I don't now we care about the body's response, Now we are just seeing how receptors respond to different

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When it comes from the heart, it comes out through the aorta, climbs the carotids to the brain. Well, there in a few points specifically, we have a set of cells which includes glomus cells and they are, as I say, sensors mainly oxygen, but also of CO2, also of protons.

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central.These are called receptors. central chemoreceptors and are located in the medulla oblongata within the brainstem and function practically the same as cells glomic, in such a way that what we have to do is inhibit this channel potassium, inhibit potassium channel

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As do they respond to oxygen? Well, look, it is very simple. They are going to have some ionic channels, potassium channels that are going to inhibit, they are going to close when we have low oxygen pressure, low amount of oxygen in the blood, when we have high levels of CO2, or when we have low pH, which is the same as saying that we have high protons.

Speaker A

homeostasis, the composition of the fluid brain extracellular, which is surrounding in this case well these sensors, but also neurons.

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In the first situation, there are different mechanisms. When I have the oxygen low, it may be due to the activation of some certain proteins, it may be due to an imbalance in the levels of reduced and oxidized proteins oxidized by the mitochondria.

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because CO2 together with water converted into bicarbonate and protons and these protons in this case are going to activate the release of neurotransmitter.

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It could be due to a change in quantity of cyclic AMP. We don't need to get in there. Stay with the idea that the moment the oxygen goes down, it leads to produce this inhibition of the potassium channel.

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communicates with sensory neurons, it is the one who will communicate in this case with the integration center itself that already It is located there, that is why it is a central chemerioceptor, is already in the medulla oblongata, okay?So, this

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And if a potassium channel, potassium no longer comes out of the cell. Do you know that potassium always tends to come out motivated by its concentration gradient and if it does not come out, it stays inside?

Speaker A

I have a sensor for these eh oxygen changes.In, the changes of pH, on the other hand, if what I have is acidosis, as protons are not able to cross the barrematoencephalic, we would not detect it directly.it we would indirectly detect in the case

Speaker A

And if it stays inside, they are positive charges, I am depolarizing and then I'm already opening the channel of calcium for the cell to release neurotransmitter. What happens if I have high levels of CO2?

Speaker A

So, in that case, as I say, yes I have high levels of CO2, it goes, let's go to transform it or we are going to stimulate the astrocyte, which in turn will stimulate to chemior to stimulate the moon

Speaker A

In this case, well, CO2, which will also enter the cell, what it is going to do is become, thanks to carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide, CO2 together with water converts to bicarbonate ion and protons.

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talked about action potential.It is a cell so small that at the moment the one that is depolarized, for example, by the closure of potassium channels, it is already enough so that the channels voltage-regulated calcium exocytosis occurs.The same thing is going to happen

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So, when converted into protons, this increase in protons also inhibits the potassium channel with the same consequence. If what we have is acidosis, a drop in pH, in this case what happens mainly is that a pump is going to be inhibited, a cotransporter, rather a pump, a cotransporter that removes protons from the cell and that takes in sodium.

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It depends on the molecule it contains saliva and that will activate these taste receptors.We have different taste receptors.Five, although already some more are being described.are receptors for the salty, for the sweet, bitter, sour and umami.

Speaker A

So yes, we block this cotransporter, if not, we are taking protons out of the cell, we are raising proton levels and we have agreed, we have just said that if the protons rise, it inhibits, it cancels the potassium channel.

Speaker A

What the molecules are going to do of salt and acidic molecules The final step is to open a sodium channel.In it moment this happens, how sodium enters, which are positive charges, the cell depolarize and that's it.we would already have the

Speaker A

So, whether for one reason or another, what we are doing is releasing neurotransmitter to tell this sensitive cell that it is going to bring information to the center corresponding system integration central nervous.

Speaker A

that generate a perception of flavor bitter, would be the right way to say it.Well here we are going to activate a GPCR type receptor that will activate a PLC, a phospholipase C that it will generate, it will manufacture inositol

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In this case, it would be the medulla.

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messenger activating sodium channels, this time sodium, Okay?Calcium would act as the ligand that opens sodium channels.

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Sodium enters, I depolarize even more and as I depolarize, now it would open more calcium channels needed for exocytosis.

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Two different processes, one more simple if what I open are channels ionotropic, more complex if what active are GPCR receptors.But the final conclusion is that the libero neurotransmitter that communicates with the sensory neuron.This neuron sensitive I remind you that it is the face

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synapses in the thalamus with the neuron secondary that will go to the cortex gustatory Okay?Now let's go to the third type of chemoreceptor, the chemoreceptors of the smell.Notice that the cell is very different.Olfactory cells are free nervous hypotermination type.Is

Speaker A

like a sensory neuron and has its dendrites.It would be here. This would be the inside of the mucosa alphative.It has its teeth in it interior of the alfativa mucosa.here it is where the receivers will be Now I will say that they are going to start the

Speaker A

stimulus, which in this case does have have to reach a threshold for turn into action potential, because It turns out that the release of neurotransmitter occurs therefore in an area certain distance.So this one graduate potential has to generate a

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action potential, that this occurs in the olfactory bulb, remember this synapses, not in the thalamus and already the secondary neuron is the one that will carry the information to the olfactory cortex.

Speaker A

So in this case, if I put it a a little bigger and I am all this explaining very quickly why you have it in other of my videos explained with a lot of detail.In this case, what we had was a GPCR type receptor,

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that when it joins the molecule odoriferous, what is going to activate is a adenylate cyclase that is making me Cyclic AMP.I already have a second messenger like here, but different than what what it's going to do is open calcium channels

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and sodium.So I'm already depolarizing, it could already begin the action potential.But it is also that this calcium is going to act as a second messenger to open another channel that in this case is chlorine and that causes chlorine to escape from the cell,

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which assures me even more depolarization, Okay?Super depolarization. What I'm doing is amplification with a single odorant molecule with him a lot of signal and in this case I generate action potential and conducts.

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Look, different types of chemores, all chemo, because in all cases It was a molecule that activated some receiver to finally end up in depolarization of the cell recipient and that generates the release of the neurotransmitter.Okay?let's go Now to what about the

Speaker A

mechanoreceptors? Well, those mechanoreceptors no longer have a molecule that recognizes a ligand, They have an ion channel that is going to open by mechanical stretching.Okay?Come on with the hair cells of the ear internal.In the inner ear we have

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cell-type mechanoreceptors ciliated, both in the cochlea forming part of the organ of corti and are cells sensitive to the vibration produced by the sound wave and this will generate hearing.So these cells sensitive would be connected with secondary neurons that will form that

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cochlear nerve and which it will contact first with the thalamus and then the thalamus with the auditory cortex.But also we have mechanoreceptors in the apparatus vestibular.both at the base of the three semicircular canals as in the saccule and the utricle.Okay?You have this in

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detail in other of my videos of the special senses. Be that as it may, in both cases this release of neurotransmitter by depolarization of the cell is going to produce whenever these cilia are open, in this case open, be careful,

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mechanical stretch channels.I them I represent like this to represent that there is stretching, which are channels for potassium and that only in this situation, only in these internal ludo cells, the Potassium will enter the cell because it turns out that the liquid that bathes

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these cilia, which is the endolymph, It is very rich in potassium.It is the only one part of my body where potassium It enters and does not leave the cells.But I it doesn't matter.What has happened is that potassium entered, it has depolarized my

Speaker A

cell and this has caused them to open calcium channels so that calcium produce exocytosis and connect with the sensory neuron.Okay?It's the same, it's much more complex eh how it works, I I would say, hearing than balance.

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Remember that in the audition we have as four rows along the entire length vasilar membrane of the cocrea.Have four rows of hair cells.that some have a function more than amplify the stimulus and others have a function to really connect with

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the sensory neurons.I'm not going to get involved In that, it is very complex and you have a video in which I am only talking of hearing.In the case of balance, the same with another location, connecting with what they would be the neurons of the nerve

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vestibular, okay?But in any case also movement of cilia and therefore both potassium entry and therefore depolarization and release of neurotransmitter.I insist, you have to see the videos of the special senses to understand well the mechanism that is superincessant and that also in the case of

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hearing is a mechanism amplification very different from that which can have the sense of smell and also interesting.Where else do we have mechanoreceptors?

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mechanoreceptors are also all tactile receptors, receptors somatic, those located in the skin, right? And within this we know that we have more superficial receptors, more close to the cells of the epidermis.

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That's why I have drawn one for you here.This It would be, for example, a cell Merkel, her neuron and her neuron sensitive, what are going to be the responsible for fine touch, texture.And here we would have a receiver,

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For example, a Pacinian corpuscle, what would be a nerve ending encapsulated.This would be the dendrite and It is encapsulated, it is in the vermis, is a little deeper and that in this example could be the receiver of the

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vibration, but in both cases we talk about vibration, we talk about touch eh of fine touch, we talk about motion.How would the Merkel?Look at Merkel's when deformed, that is, in this cell we are going to have stretch-regulated channels

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mechanical, the ones we put with arrows. Specifically, these are the channels, receptors called piezo.They are from the family of receptors called or channels called piezo, which are sodium receptors.So, When these receptors stimulate and that is, they stretch and open, because the

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cell will depolarize again and that depolarization is going to be calcium channels open and release neurotransmitter.

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In this case, this sensory neuron It also already has piezo channels and since they are very on the surface this neuron is going to be stimulated, that is, really this is the sensitive receptor and it will be stimulated when it has been

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That area is deformed, right?What this generates a touch, that is, there is no need to deform, You just have to touch it, it's the fine touch which will stimulate them.

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But this neuron also sensitive has receptors.To these Neurons, in addition, are called cells. beta.

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They have receptors, eh, they are receptors adrenergic for the neurotransmitter that release the Merkel cell, which is eh norepinephrine, okay?This would be the Merkel cell.

Speaker A

So, before a first stimulation the piezo channels open.This neuron sensitive when that sodium enters it is already depolarizing, it already generates a potential of action and is therefore communicated in the spinal cord with neuron secondary, eh, whatever.But also

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This stimulation is maintained in the time because Merkel's cell is communicating with neurotransmitters specific and specific receptors with the sensory neuron.So although we keep finding in all the books like Merkel's sensitive receptor It is a termination type receiver

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nervous free, in other places already we are finding that actually It would be a specialized cell that is connecting with a neuron sensitiveBut the fact that the sensory neuron is already stimulated alone without the need for Merkel's, that what it does is like prolonging the

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encouragement, as it supports our continued saying that this is also a neuron sensitive, okay?Sorry, a catcher sensitive, yes?So receiver sensitive, the neuron itself, but then I have Merkel's cell attached to which reinforces and perpetuates for a a little more time the stimulus.and this

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It is what gives us that great sensitivity, that great ability to perceive touch fine.In the case of the corpuscle of Pachini I also need there to be one membrane deformation.So, I have the channels here dendrite.At the time when this

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is deformed, this channel opens, the sodium, I generate graduated potential, which generates the action potential.See?

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We are always repeating the same process.Where do we have more huh mechanoreceptors?Well, for example, these that I want to represent here They could be the varoceptors.

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The varoreceptors are located.You see that it has He also looks like a neuron with free nerve ending.This free nerve ending would be inserted into the walls of the aorta, for example, or the carotids, the large blood vessels.When there is

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changes in blood pressure, which finally what I'm doing is stretching more or less the walls of that glass, I'm going to deform these membranes and again I'm going to open ion channels.In the barreceptors have also been found and a wide variety of channels.Also

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I have piezo channels, but I also have potassium channels, I also have CRP channels, there are a whole lot of channels.What is it that matters to us?

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us?that all this is going to lead to the entry of positive ions or in the non output of positive ions, which generates a potential graduate, which generates a action potential that ultimately makes neurotransmitter is released.Yeah We were talking, we are no longer going to

Speaker A

draw, from the receivers themselves sensory present in muscle use in my muscles or tendons in the Goli tendon organ, which You will find it in another video.Well in that case the same, this termination dendritic, this is this beginning of that

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sensory receptor which is a neuron, is going to have ion channels that are going to stretch in this case also of type piezo, stretch ion channels that will make the cell depolarize.And that would be regarding the mechanoreceptors.What do we have left?Well

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we can talk about thermoreceptors that have the same look, the same nerve ending structure free, but in its dendrites now instead of placing mecanore or instead of placing eh receptors by ligand chemore receptor type, well we would place receivers.I'm going to them

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paint like this so that they are different, that this no longer looks like a channel, but they are channels that are also thermoreceptors and also the thermoses most are from the TRP family, Okay?TRP proteins which are channels sensitive to

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temperature.That means that your opening or closing will depend on the temperature and there are channels that are going to open in cold temperatures and others that they are going to open in temperatures hot, but they also imply positive ion entry, depolarize

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action potential.it's all the time the same thing, if we need more information let's start studying in specifically each of those channels to which responds, because in the case of thermoreceptors, for example, respond to temperature, but they also respond to

Speaker A

molecules eh how can it be capsaicin, which is a spicy molecule that activates our receptors high temperatures and are also also present in receptors of the pain or menthol or garlic that is activating TRP type receptors, but of those who are stimulated by cold,

Speaker A

Okay?So it's a little more complex. because here it is a thermal regulation, but it is also a regulation eh chemistry.And we can put, if you want, to finish, just as a reminder the photoreceptors.If we draw a photoreceptor that look like this, this would be a

Speaker A

cane.It is also like a cell, It seems like a sensitive one, but in reality It's very small.Then, it is considered which is within the group of cells specialized receivers specialized that do not make potential action.That is why it is specialized because

Speaker A

there is no action potential.not it need because it is very small, but again I have to put calcium here to that there be the release of neurotransmitter and continue with the next cell.And here what happens is that in these membranes that I have drawn

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So they have this kind of discs, I have channels, I'm going to put another color, I have receivers or well, I'm going to paint so because she is like the obsessive she has a way so that they are going to activate in

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presence of a photon of light.That light is what will change the structure molecular of the specific receptor, which In the end it will generate a cascade of signs too, that in this case we are lead to the closure of sodium channels.

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And if not, and if I close the channels sodium, sodium does not enter and that's it changing the potential, what a look, it's going to be hyperpolarizing.

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This is different from the others, it is very interesting.You will find it in me video about vision receptors.

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But I incorporate it here so that we a global scheme of all the types of receptors depending on the stimulus that regulates them, that stimulates, let it be chemical, let it be mechanical, thermal or light.and the different parts of me

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body, the different em locations, the different processes that are going to regulate all these receivers.Okay?Hey, I know there are things which I have explained very above and very quickly, I'm not worried because in me senses playlist specials you will find with a lot

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more detail how these behave receivers.I hope you liked it and this general overview has helped to focus the study of receptors.

Speaker A

If so, don't stop following me, share the video, like, Subscribe and if you have questions leave them in the comments of the channel I will be happy to solve them.

Topics:sensory receptorshuman physiologychemoreceptorsmechanoreceptorsthermoreceptorsphotoreceptorsneurotransmitter releasecalcium channelsmembrane potentialsignal transduction

Frequently Asked Questions

What common feature do all sensory receptors share?

All sensory receptors share the ability to detect stimuli, change their membrane potential, and release neurotransmitters through calcium-regulated exocytosis to communicate with neurons.

What types of sensory receptors are discussed in the video?

The video discusses chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and mentions photoreceptors, explaining how each responds to different types of stimuli.

How do mechanoreceptors detect stimuli?

Mechanoreceptors detect stimuli through ionotropic channels in their membranes that open in response to mechanical stretching or deformation, leading to changes in membrane potential.

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