Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong | Johann Hari | TED

One of my earliest memories is of trying to wake up one of my relatives and not being able to, and I was just a little kid so I didn't really understand why.

But as I got older, I realized we had drug addiction in my family including later cocaine addiction, and I've been thinking about it a lot lately, partly because it's now exactly 100 years since drugs were first banned in the United States and Britain.

It's a century since we made this really fateful decision to take addicts and punish them and make them suffer because we believed that would deter them, it would give them an incentive to stop.

And a few years ago, I was looking at some of the addicts in my life who I love and trying to figure out if there was some way to help them.

And I realized there were loads of incredibly basic questions I just didn't know the answer to.

Like, what really causes addiction?

Uh, why do we carry on with this approach that doesn't seem to be working?

And is there a better way out there that we could try instead?

So I read loads of stuff about it and I couldn't really find the answers I was looking for.

So I thought, okay, I'll go and sit with different people around the world who've lived this and studied this and talk to them.

And see if I can learn from them and I ended up, I didn't realize I would end up going over 30,000 miles at the start.

But I ended up going and meeting loads of different people from a transgender crack dealer in Brownsville, Brooklyn to a scientist who spends a lot of time feeding hallucinogens to mongooses to see if they like them.

Um, it turns out they do, but only in very specific circumstances.

To to the only country that's ever decriminalized all drugs from cannabis to crack, Portugal.

And the thing I realized that really blew my mind is almost everything we think we know about addiction is wrong.

And if we start to absorb the new evidence about addiction, I think we're going to have to change a lot more than our drug policies.

But let's start with what we think we know, what I thought I know, right?

Let's think about this middle row here, right?

Imagine all of you for 20 days now went off and used heroin three times a day.

Some of you look a little bit more enthusiastic than others at this prospect.

Um, the don't worry, it's just a thought experiment.

Imagine you did that, right?

What do we what would happen?

Now we have a story about what would happen that we've been told for a century.

We think because there are chemical hooks in heroin, as you took it for a while, your body would become dependent on those hooks.

You'd start to physically need them and at the end of those 20 days, you'd all be heroin addicts, right?

That's what I thought.

First thing that alerted me to the fact something not right with this story.

When it was explained to me, if I step out of this TED Talk today and I get hit by a car and I break my hip.

I'll be taken to hospital and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.

Diamorphine is heroin.

It's actually much better heroin than you're ever going to buy on the streets because the stuff you buy from a drug dealer is contaminated, actually very little of it is heroin.

Whereas the stuff you get from the doctor is medically pure.

And you'll be given it for quite a long period of time, there are loads of people in this room.

You may not realize it, you've taken quite a lot of heroin, right?

Uh, and for and anyone watching this anywhere in the world, this is happening.

And if what we believe about addiction is right, those people are exposed to all those chemical hooks.

What should happen?

They should become addicts.

This has been studied really carefully.

It doesn't happen, you will have noticed if your grandmother had a hip replacement.

She didn't come out as a junkie.

And when I learned this, it just seemed so weird to me, so contrary to everything I'd been told, everything I thought I knew.

I just thought it couldn't be right.

Until I went and met a man called Bruce Alexander, who's a professor of psychology in Vancouver.

Who carried out an incredible experiment that I think really helps us to understand this issue.

Professor Alexander explained to me, the idea of addiction we've all got in our heads, that story.

Comes partly from a series of experiments that were done earlier in the 20th century.

They're really simple experiments, you can do them tonight when you go home if you feel a little bit sadistic.

You get a rat and you put it in a cage.

And you give it two water bottles, one is just water and the other is water laced with either heroin or cocaine.

If you do that, the rat will almost always prefer the drug water and almost always kill itself quite quickly.

So there you go, right?

That's how we think it works.

In the 70s, Professor Alexander comes along and he looks at this experiment and he noticed something.

He said, ah.

We're putting the rat in an empty cage.

It's got nothing to do except use these drugs.

Let's try something a bit different.

So Professor Alexander built a cage that he called Rat Park.

Which is basically heaven for rats, right?

They've got loads of cheese, they've got loads of colored balls, they've got loads of tunnels, crucially, they've got loads of friends, they can have loads of sex.

And they've got both the water bottles, the normal water and the drug water.

But here's the fascinating thing.

In Rat Park, they don't like the drug water.

They almost never use it.

None of them ever use it compulsively.

None of them ever overdose.

You go from almost 100% overdose when they're isolated to 0% overdose when they have happy and connected lives.

Now, when he first saw this, Professor Alexander thought, you know, maybe this is just a thing about rats.

They're quite different to us, you know, not maybe not as different as we'd like, but, you know.

Um, but fortunately, there was a human experiment into the exact same principle happening at the exact same time.

It was called the Vietnam War.

In Vietnam, 20% of all American troops were using loads of heroin.

And, uh, if you look at the news reports from the time, they were really worried because they thought, my God, we're going to have hundreds of thousands of junkies on the streets of the United States when the war ends.

It made total sense.

Now those soldiers who were using loads of heroin were followed home.

The archives of General Psychiatry did a really detailed study.

And what happened to them?

It turns out they didn't go to rehab.

They didn't go into withdrawal.

95% of them just stopped.

Now, if you believe the story about chemical hooks, that makes absolutely no sense.

But Professor Alexander began to think there might be a different story about addiction.

He said, what if addiction isn't about your chemical hooks?

What if addiction is about your cage?

What if addiction is an adaptation to your environment?

Looking at this, there was another professor called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands.

He said, maybe we shouldn't even call it addiction.

Maybe we should call it bonding.

Human beings have a natural and innate need to bond.

And when we're happy and healthy, we'll bond and connect with each other.

But if you can't do that because you're traumatized or isolated or beaten down by life.

You will bond with something that will give you some sense of relief.

Now that might be gambling, that might be pornography, that might be cocaine, that might be cannabis.

But you will bond and connect with something because that's our nature.

That's what we want as human beings.

And I think, you know, at first I found this quite a difficult thing to get my head around.

But one way that helped me to think about it is and I can see, you know.

I've got over by my seat there a bottle of water, right?

I'm looking at lots of you and lots of you have bottles of water with you, right?

Forget drugs, forget the drug war.

Totally legally, all of those bottles of water could be bottles of vodka, right?

We could all be getting drunk.

I might after this.

Um.

And.

But we're not, right?

Now because you've been able to afford the approximately a gazillion pounds that it cost to get into a TED Talk.

I'm guessing you guys could afford to be drinking vodka for the next six months.

You wouldn't end up homeless.

You're not going to do that.

And the reason you're not going to do that is not because anyone's stopping you.

It's because you've got bonds and connections that you want to be present for.

You've got work you love, you've got people you love.

You've got healthy relationships.

And a core part of addiction, I came to think and I believe the evidence suggests is about not being able to bear to be present in your life.

Now, this has really significant implications.

The most obvious implications are for the war on drugs, right?

In Arizona, I went out with a group of women who were made to wear t-shirts saying, I was a drug addict and go out on chain gangs and dig graves.

While members of the public jeer at them.

And when those women get out of prison, they're going to have criminal records that mean they'll never work in the legal economy again.

Now that's a very extreme example, obviously in the case of the chain gang.

But actually almost everywhere in the world, we treat addicts to some degree like that.

We punish them, we stigmatize them, we shame them, we give them criminal records.

We put barriers between them reconnecting.

There was a doctor in Canada, Dr. Gabor Mate, an amazing man who said to me, if you wanted to design a system that would make addiction worse.

You would design that system.

Now, there's a place that decided to do the exact opposite.

And I went there to see how it worked.

In the year 2000, Portugal had one of the worst drug problems in Europe.

1% of the population was addicted to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing.

And every year they tried the American way more and more.

They punished people and stigmatized them and shamed them more.

And every year the problem got worse.

And one day the Prime Minister and the leader of the opposition got together and basically said, look.

We can't go on with a country where we're having ever more people becoming heroin addicts.

Let's set up a panel of scientists and doctors to figure out what would genuinely solve the problem.

And they set up a panel led by an amazing man called Dr. Joao Goulão.

To look at all this new evidence.

And they came back and they said, decriminalize all drugs.

From cannabis to crack, but, and this is the crucial next step.

Take all the money we used to spend on cutting addicts off, on disconnecting them.

And spend it instead on reconnecting them with the society.

And that's not, it's interesting, that's not really what we think of, what they did wasn't really what we think of as drug treatment in the United States and Britain.

So they do do residential rehab, they do do psychological therapy that does have some value.

But the biggest thing they did was the complete opposite of what we do, a massive program of job creation for addicts.

And micro loans for addicts to set up small businesses.

So say you used to be a mechanic, when you're ready, they go to a garage and they'll say, if you employ this guy for a year.

We'll pay half his wages.

The goal was to make sure that every addict in Portugal had something to get out of bed for in the morning.

And when I went and met the addicts in Portugal, it's fascinating what they've said is as they rediscovered purpose.

They rediscovered bonds and relationships with the wider society.

It'll be 15 years this year since that experiment began.

And the results are in.

Injecting drug use is down in Portugal according to the British Journal of Criminology by 50%, 50%.

Overdoses is massively down, HIV is massively down among addicts.

Addiction in every study is significantly down.

One of the ways you know it's worked so well is that almost nobody in Portugal wants to go back to the old system.

Now that's the kind of political implications.

I actually think there's a layer of implications to all this research below that.

You know, we live in a culture where people feel really increasingly vulnerable to all sorts of addictions.

Whether it's to their smartphones or to shopping or to eating.

You know, before these talks began, you guys know this, that, uh, we were told we weren't allowed to have our smartphones on.

And I have to say, a lot of you looked an awful lot like addicts who were being told their dealer was going to be unavailable for the next couple of hours.

And, you know, a lot of us feel like that.

And it might sound weird to say, oh, you know.

I've been talking about how disconnection is a major driver of addiction.

It might be weird to say it's growing because you think, well, we're the most connected society that's ever been.

Surely.

But I increasingly began to think that the connection we have, the connections we have, we think we have.

Are like a kind of parody of human connection.

If you have a crisis in your life, you'll notice something.

It won't be your Twitter followers who come to sit with you.

It won't be your Facebook friends who help you turn it around.

It'll be your flesh and blood friends who you have deep and nuanced and textured face-to-face relationships with.

And I think there's a there's a study I learned about from Bill McKibben, the environmental writer.

I think tells us a lot about this.

There's a it looked at the number of close friends the average American believes they can call on in a crisis.

That number has been declining steadily since the 1950s.

The amount of floor space an individual has in their home has been steadily increasing.

And I think that's like a metaphor for the choice we've made as a culture, right?

We've traded floor space for friends, we've traded stuff for connections.

And the result is that we are one of the loneliest societies there has ever been.

And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did the Rat Park experiment says, we talk all the time in addiction.

About individual recovery.

And it's right to talk about that.

But we need to talk much more about social recovery.

Something's gone wrong with us, not just as individuals, but as a group.

And we've created a society where for a lot of us, life looks a whole lot more like that isolated cage.

And a whole lot less like Rat Park.

But if I'm honest, this isn't why I went into it, right?

I didn't go in to discover the political stuff, the social stuff.

I wanted to know how to help the people I love.

And when I came back from this long journey and I'd learned all this.

I looked at the addicts in my life and if, you know, if you're really candid.

It's it's hard loving an addict.

And there's going to be lots of people who know in this room, you are angry a lot of the time.

And.

Um, I think one of the reasons why this debate is so charged is because it runs through the heart of each of us, right?

Everyone has a bit of them that looks at an addict and thinks.

I wish someone would just stop you.

And the kind of script we're told for how to deal with the addicts in our lives is typified by, I think, by the reality show intervention.

If you guys haven't seen, I think everything in our lives is typified by reality TV.

But that's another that's another TED Talk.

Um, if you've never seen the show intervention, it's pretty simple premise.

You get an addict, all the people in their life, gather them together and say, if you don't shape up, confront them with what they're doing.

And they say, if you don't shape up, we're going to cut you off, right?

So what they do is they take the connection to the addict and they threaten it.

They make it contingent on the addict behaving the way they want.

Um.

And I began to think, I began to see why that approach doesn't work.

And I began to think that almost that's like the importing the logic of the drug war into our private lives.

So I was thinking, well, how can I be Portuguese, right?

And what I try to do now, and I can't tell you I do it consistently and I can't tell you it's easy.

Is to say to the addicts in my life that I want to deepen the connection with them, to say to them, I love you, whether you're using or you're not.

I love you, whatever state you're in.

And if you need me, I'll come and sit with you.

Because I love you and I don't want you to be alone or to feel alone.

And I think the core of that message, you're not alone.

We love you.

Has to be at every level of how we respond to addicts, socially, politically and individually.

For 100 years now, we've been singing war songs about addicts.

I think all along we should have been singing love songs to them.

Because the opposite of addiction is not sobriety.

The opposite of addiction is connection.

Thank you.