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Welcome to MooMoo Math and Science and transcription and translation in simple terms.
Learn the basic steps of transcription and translation in protein synthesis with clear explanations from MooMoo Math and Science.
Key Takeaways
- Transcription and translation are essential steps in protein synthesis.
- RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA by reading DNA.
- Ribosomes facilitate decoding mRNA and assembling amino acids.
- Codons and anticodons ensure correct amino acid sequencing.
- The process ends at a stop codon, producing a functional protein.
Summary
- Transcription uses a DNA template to create messenger RNA (mRNA).
- RNA polymerase unzips DNA and synthesizes mRNA by matching RNA bases.
- In RNA, uracil replaces thymine found in DNA.
- mRNA detaches and travels from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
- Translation occurs at the ribosome, which has a small subunit that reads mRNA and a large subunit that joins amino acids.
- mRNA is read in codons (three-base units), which are matched by tRNA anticodons carrying specific amino acids.
- Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.
- Translation continues until a stop codon (e.g., UGA) is reached.
- The resulting polypeptide chain folds into a functional protein.
- An amino acid chart can be used to determine codon-to-amino acid matches.
Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown
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Here's a general overview.
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A portion of DNA is used as a template to make RNA, technically messenger RNA, and this phase is called transcription.
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Then the messenger RNA will travel to a ribosome where translation will occur and the amino acids will be put together in the correct order in order to create the protein.
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So let's take a look at transcription.
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Transcription begins when RNA polymerase begins to unzip a portion of DNA.
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As it unzips, the four bases of RNA begin to make a strand of messenger RNA.
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The messenger RNA will detach from the DNA and travel outside of the nucleus.
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Notice that the four bases are the same as DNA for RNA, except thymine is replaced with uracil.
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Next up, we have translation.
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Translation.
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Translation occurs at the ribosome and is an important stage of protein synthesis.
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Messenger RNA that has traveled from the nucleus arrives at a ribosome.
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Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and in some cells at the ER.
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Ribosomes are protein-making machines and are made up of R RNA and proteins.
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Ribosomes consist of two major components, the small subunit, which reads the RNA,
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and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
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At the ribosome, the messenger RNA is read three units at a time.
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This triplet is called a codon.
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A transfer RNA has an anticodon, which matches with the codon,
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and has an amino acid attached.
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As a new transfer RNA moves to the M RNA, the amino acids bond together with a peptide bond.
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And a string of amino acids begins to form called a polypeptide chain.
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This process will continue until a stop codon is read.
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In this example, the stop code is UGA.
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A transfer RNA has an anticodon attached and an amino acid. The anticodon is a unit made up of three nucleotides
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that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the M RNA.
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Each amino acid attaches to a particular codon.
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You can use an amino acid chart to see which codon matches with each amino acid.
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After the stop code is reached, the string of amino acids may begin to fold into a functional protein.
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So there we go, translation and protein synthesis.
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Topics:transcriptiontranslationprotein synthesismRNAribosomeRNA polymerasecodonanticodonamino acidpolypeptide chain
