Blood Gases Analysis Prof HebatAllah Algebaly

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00:00
Speaker A
small introduction مش عن ال blood gases وال ECG واول حاجة هبتدي بيها هي ال blood gases.
00:08
Speaker A
طبعا most doctors struggle with arterial blood gas (ABG) interpretation يعني هي بتسبب لنا دايما مش كتير دايما هي بت بتسبب لنا مشكلة ما هياش سهلة ان انا يعني اقراها ودايما مبقاش متاكد ان انا عملته صح ولا غلط مع ان هو سهل.
00:26
Speaker A
عشان اخليه سهل المفروض ان انا اب break it down into steps وفي كلمة اتعلمتها من استاذي الفاضل دكتور محمد هشام من سنين.
00:35
Speaker A
قال لي كل حاجة في الجسم بتخدم ال pH يعني الهدف من كل اللي بيحصل ان ال pH تفضل سليمة لان ال consequence بتاعت abnormal pH is dangerous.
00:48
Speaker A
فعلا بتبقى life threatening في كلمة اخرى او مصطلح يمكن عشان احنا مننسهاش بس هو مصطلح عامي شوية كانت كلمة هو بيخدم الجسم كله بيخدم ال pH.
01:05
Speaker A
وكل ما في ال blood gases سواء CO2, bicarbonate, O2 هم موظفين لخدمة ال pH.
01:10
Speaker A
طيب if partial pressure of oxygen sorry of CO2 goes down, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) should go up.
01:19
Speaker A
كأن في توازن او equilibrium between the CO2 and the pO2.
01:24
Speaker A
طيب دي كده يعني mnemonic عشان نشوف منها ال normal ونفهم ان ال acidic side تحته وال alkaline side فوق.
01:30
Speaker A
ومش بس كده انا عايزة اتاكد ان ال acidic side هنا okay below 7.35 انما مش بس كده.
01:39
Speaker A
انما كمان هقول slightly toward the acidosis او toward the alkalosis وده for my clinical practice.
01:45
Speaker A
مش عشان اللي انا بكتبه لكن عشان انا اللي بترجمه على العيان انما نلاقي ال blood gases مثلا 7.35 او 34 يبقى انا كده مايل ناحية ال acidosis او انا متجه ناحية ال acidosis.
01:56
Speaker A
طيب ال components بتاعت ال blood gases هي ال pH ال acidity or alkalinity of the blood وليها علاقة قوية جدا بال hydrogen ions.
02:04
Speaker A
ال CO2 ده بيعبر عن ال respiratory system ال pO2 ال ability of the respiratory system to supply oxygen to the arterial blood.
02:13
Speaker A
ال bicarbonate ده بيديني insight to the metabolic component ال saturation indicate the percentage of hemoglobin molecules saturated with oxygen.
02:20
Speaker A
ال normal values ودي طبعا يا ريت نحفظها وهجيب جدول تاني عن ال critical values.
02:26
Speaker A
ال normal pH من 7.35 ل 7.45.
02:30
Speaker A
ال CO2 من 75 ل 100 sorry ال pO2 من 75 ل 100.
02:35
Speaker A
Critical value تحت تحت 50.
02:38
Speaker A
CO2 35 ل 45 bicarbonate 22-26 وال saturation من 94 ل 100%.
02:43
Speaker A
وانا متاكدة ان كلكم حضراتكم حافظينها وعارفينها.
02:47
Speaker A
الجدول ده هو من كتاب بتاع blood gas critical values.
02:54
Speaker A
والكتاب ده مش مهم فيه الحاجات دي لان انا عارفة ان انتوا عارفينها كلكم.
03:00
Speaker A
انما المهم فيه ال critical value.
03:02
Speaker A
يعني امتى اقلق؟
03:04
Speaker A
pH تحت 7.25 او فوق 7.60.
03:10
Speaker A
يعني انا لو عندي عيان على ال ventilator ال pH تحت 7 او 7.25 لا في مشكلة.
03:20
Speaker A
او عيان بحاول معاه وعمال اديله في bicarbonate برضه في مشكلة لو انا معرفتش اطلع فوق 7.25.
03:27
Speaker A
This is a critical value.
03:29
Speaker A
طب على 7.60 دي اه بنشوفها ساعات عيان severely distressed قاعد في ال ER.
03:35
Speaker A
Alkalotic respiratory alkalosis من كتر ال hyperventilation.
03:40
Speaker A
لا 7.60 دي مشكلة لان بعدها بتهبني او ال heaven.
03:46
Speaker A
So it's life threatening ان انا افضل تحت الرقمين دول.
03:50
Speaker A
Saturation تحت 80% pO2 زي ما قلنا ال critical value تحت 50.
03:55
Speaker A
ال base excess minus 2 or above 2.
04:00
Speaker A
وزي ما اتفقنا ال pH ليها علاقة قوية بال hydrogen ions.
04:06
Speaker B
هل دي الارقام دي من ال arterial ولا capillary؟
04:08
Speaker A
Yes capillary لا الحقيقة.
04:12
Speaker A
يعني انا مش هقول لك ال capillary فيها طبعا fallacies.
04:17
Speaker A
اكتر من ال venous blood gas.
04:20
Speaker A
طيب ال respiratory وال metabolic system هم دايما بيحاولوا to balance each other.
04:27
Speaker A
هم الاتنين بيحاولوا كده يتوازنوا مع بعض.
04:30
Speaker A
هي بتقولي على ال activity of two systems the respiratory system and the metabolic system if one system is disturbed, the other tries to restore balance.
04:39
Speaker A
Both systems are primarily concerned with keeping blood pH in the normal range.
04:45
Speaker A
Even for the respiratory system, pH (rather than oxygen) is the priority.
04:49
Speaker A
دايما خليكوا فاكرين ال pH دي اهم حاجة في ال blood gas.
04:53
Speaker A
طيب ايه سرعة التعويض؟
04:56
Speaker A
يعني احنا اتفقنا ان في balance between the two systems هم بيحاولوا كل واحد فيهم بيحاول يعوض التاني بشكل او باخر.
05:02
Speaker A
طيب ايه السرعة؟
05:04
Speaker A
ال respiratory system سريع جدا.
05:06
Speaker A
ال renal لا بياخد ايام to compensate.
05:08
Speaker A
وبالتالي ال respiratory system can respond quickly to a metabolic derangement, with changes occurring to the blood gases within seconds to minutes.
05:15
Speaker A
CO2 علي بيبتدي العيان hyperventilate to wash the CO2.
05:20
Speaker A
انما ال kidney بتاخد وقت ال metabolic system largely regulated by the kidneys excreting or retaining acid or bicarbonate is much slower and changes can take hours to days.
05:27
Speaker A
المعلومة دي مهمة في ايه؟
05:30
Speaker A
تفتكروا؟
05:31
Speaker A
لما اجي افرق بين ال acute and chronic respiratory acidosis.
05:37
Speaker A
لما ال bicarbonate يكون اعلى وال pH near normal وال CO2 عالي.
05:43
Speaker A
تبقى دي chronic ولا acute؟
05:45
Speaker A
ليه؟ لان ال metabolic system معرفش يشتغل.
05:50
Speaker A
طيب respiratory and metabolic compensation two main organs regulate acid-base balance: the lungs and the kidneys.
05:57
Speaker A
بيحاولوا ان هم to compensate for the acid-base balance.
06:00
Speaker A
بيحاولوا restore ايه؟
06:02
Speaker A
ال pH.
06:03
Speaker A
طيب ال respiratory system ايه وظيفته؟ regulate the amount of carbonic acid in the blood by controlling PaCO2.
06:10
Speaker A
And a patient's respiratory rate will change to attempt to correct PaCO2 levels that are out of the normal range.
06:15
Speaker A
طب respiratory regulation and compensation can occur within minutes.
06:21
Speaker A
If patients are unable to compensate via their own respiratory system, mechanical interventions such as a ventilator, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) may be needed.
06:28
Speaker A
طبعا عيان مش عارف ي compensate.
06:30
Speaker A
عمال يا عيني بقاله ايام بي hyperventilate بيحاول ي wash ال CO2.
06:36
Speaker A
بيحاول sorry ي wash ال CO2 عشان ينقص ال carbonic acid ويعدل ال pH مرة تاني.
06:41
Speaker A
خلاص ال lung كلها.
06:43
Speaker A
بيبقى الحل ايه؟
06:44
Speaker A
اقف؟
06:45
Speaker A
لا لازم ال ventilator العيان whether CPAP او non-invasive mechanical ventilation.
06:51
Speaker A
لان احنا تخطينا قدرة ال lung على ال compensation.
06:57
Speaker A
طيب لو ال disorder is primarily from a metabolic cause.
07:00
Speaker A
The respiratory component must also be evaluated for the existence of compensation and its extent.
07:04
Speaker A
ليه؟ لان هو حتى لو في metabolic acidosis ال respiratory system بيحاول يساعد ي wash acid CO2.
07:10
Speaker A
اللي هنشوف ال CO2 بيخش في ايه بعد شوية.
07:13
Speaker A
طيب انا عندي نوعين من ال compensation either complete or incomplete.
07:17
Speaker A
امتى اقول عليه complete؟
07:19
Speaker A
Excellent.
07:20
Speaker A
Incomplete.
07:21
Speaker A
pH مش مش near normal بس it's not normal.
07:25
Speaker A
So it's either fully compensated or partially compensated.
07:27
Speaker A
وبرضه زي ما اتفقنا ان ال pH بتاعي اهم حاجة فتعليقي على هي either compensated or partially compensated is important.
07:34
Speaker A
طيب the patient's kidneys control the NaHCO3 buffering system and are able to excrete both H and HCO3 into the urine.
07:40
Speaker A
Metabolic compensation occurs primarily in the kidneys and can take from three to five days to occur.
07:46
Speaker A
When acidosis persists, the kidneys are also able to produce new HCO3, which further contributes to the restoration of normal pH.
07:52
Speaker A
When there is a large amount of H+ present in the renal tubules, more H+ is excreted in the urine than HCO3, which results in the urine becoming more acidic and the blood becoming more alkalotic.
08:00
Speaker A
Because it takes time to filter blood in the kidneys, this process is much slower than the regulation of CO2 by the lungs.
08:06
Speaker A
وطبعا دي زي ما اتفقنا slower دي بقى ال process بتاعت ال CO2.
08:12
Speaker A
في معلومة ان ال CO2 كغاز بيتميز بان هو rapidly dissolvable.
08:18
Speaker A
اكتر من ال oxygen عشان كده لما اجي اغير ال respiratory rate بتاعت ال ventilator الاقي ال CO2 بي wash بسرعة.
08:25
Speaker A
غير ال pO2.
08:27
Speaker A
ال hypoxemia متتصلحش بسهولة.
08:29
Speaker A
Because it's 100 time more dissolvable than the oxygen.
08:33
Speaker A
طيب ال process بتبدأ ازاي؟
08:36
Speaker A
بتبدأ في الخلية الخلية بتنتج CO2.
08:40
Speaker A
ال CO2 بيروح طبعا هنا into the blood وده ال monitor بتاعي CO2 transport in the blood.
08:48
Speaker A
ويروح بقى في ال alveoli يبقى washed عشان يخرج بره.
08:52
Speaker A
طيب ال oxygen بيجي من الهواء الخارجي يروح للدم ويرجع للخلايا مرة تانية.
08:57
Speaker A
Oxygen transport in the blood is the content and affected طبعا بال cardiac output of the patient.
09:04
Speaker A
طيب ال CO2 هو measure of the tension or pressure of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood.
09:10
Speaker A
The pCO2 of blood represents the balance between cellular production and diffusion of CO2 into the blood and ventilatory removal of CO2 from blood.
09:15
Speaker A
وبالتالي الصورة دي بتقدر تبين لي ان انا لو انا عندي مشكلة هنا في ال alveoli definitely هيكون في difficult removal of the CO2 and subsequently CO2 retention.
09:28
Speaker A
طيب ال curve ده بتاع ايه؟
09:33
Speaker A
ال oxygen transported in blood is bound to hemoglobin, and this combination is sensitive to CO2, pH, temperature, and phosphates.
09:40
Speaker A
امال الرسمة دي ايه؟
09:42
Speaker A
دي اسمها oxygen cascade ازاي ال oxygen اللي موجود بال tension بتاعه ده ال pO2 في الهواء.
09:50
Speaker A
غير اللي واصل في ال trachea غير اللي واصل في ال alveoli.
09:54
Speaker A
بصوا في ال mitochondria بينزل لغاية فين؟
09:57
Speaker A
وبالتالي انا ال oxygenation زي ما اتفقنا ال solubility بتاعت ال oxygen قلت كتير من ال من ال CO2 كمان.
10:05
Speaker A
ده في حاجة اسمها reduction of the oxygen content.
10:09
Speaker A
بتقل الكميات بتقل بالتدريج.
10:12
Speaker A
طيب ال CO2 بقى بيعمل ايه؟
10:17
Speaker A
ايه المعادلة الكيميائية بتاعته؟
10:19
Speaker A
ودي اهميتها ايه؟
10:20
Speaker A
CO2 بيتحد مع الماية ينتج لي H2CO3 اللي هو carbonic acid.
10:26
Speaker A
وبيتحلل ل bicarbonate و hydrogen ion.
10:28
Speaker A
المعادلة دي زي ما انتوا شايفين سهم رايح جاي.
10:32
Speaker A
يبقى انا كده انا ممكن ال CO2 لما يعلى ينتج bicarbonate اكتر؟
10:37
Speaker A
اه.
10:38
Speaker A
وال bicarbonate لما يعلى يديني CO2 اكتر؟
10:42
Speaker A
اه.
10:43
Speaker A
فده يفهمني شوية ازاي في ال metabolic alkalosis ال bicarbonate بيعلى و subsequently ال CO2 بيعلى.
10:50
Speaker A
وازاي انه after a long time 3 ل 5 ايام العيان ال chronic ال bicarbonate بتاعه برضه بيعلى.
10:56
Speaker A
Bicarbonate ion bicarbonate is the most important form of CO2 carriage in blood.
11:02
Speaker A
يعني ال bicarbonate كمان شيال لل CO2.
11:06
Speaker A
عشان كده في ال acidosis لما ال bicarbonate بيقل ايه اللي بيحصل في ال CO2؟
11:11
Speaker A
بيقل هو كمان.
11:14
Speaker A
طيب عايزة اعمل كده analysis.
11:17
Speaker A
وده analysis بسيط متهيأ لي حضراتكم عارفينه.
11:20
Speaker A
بس للتذكرة first look at the pH.
11:22
Speaker A
Decide whether this is an acidosis or alkalosis (if it is within the normal range, note whether it is sitting towards the acidic or alkalotic end of that range).
11:32
Speaker A
يعني هي اقرب لمين؟
11:34
Speaker A
وده طبعا عشان ايه؟
11:37
Speaker A
عشان ابقى early detector.
11:40
Speaker A
مبقاش دكتور بكتشف الامور متاخر.
11:42
Speaker A
يبقى عندي كده ال sense ان انا اقدر اعرف الحاجة بدري وده طبعا life saving بالذات عندنا في الاطفال.
11:48
Speaker A
Fix that fact in your mind because it will not change, no matter what the other numbers are!
11:53
Speaker A
ده مهم اوي يبقى انا اول حاجة عايزة اعرف ال pH بتاعتي acidic ولا alkalotic.
11:57
Speaker A
Second, look at the PaCO2.
12:00
Speaker A
The PaCO2 contributing to, or attempting to compensate for, the problem.
12:04
Speaker A
انهي problem بقى؟
12:06
Speaker A
If, for example, the problem is an acidosis and the PaCO2 is low.
12:12
Speaker A
Then clearly the respiratory system is attempting to compensate.
12:14
Speaker A
Thus, one can conclude that the problem is metabolic.
12:16
Speaker A
Similarly with other combinations.
12:18
Speaker A
ايه اللي قليل؟
12:20
Speaker A
من غير ما ابص على حاجة كمان.
12:21
Speaker A
متوقع ايه؟
12:23
Speaker A
Bicarbonate قليل.
12:24
Speaker A
يبقى غالبا دي metabolic acidosis.
12:26
Speaker A
Okay clearly the respiratory system is attempting to compensate.
12:30
Speaker A
One can conclude that the problem is metabolic.
12:35
Speaker A
The other numbers (actual bicarbonate [aHCO3], base excess [BE], PaO2 and so on) might do nothing more than confirm this conclusion.
12:40
Speaker A
Okay.
12:41
Speaker A
بس احنا طبعا ما بنعملش كده.
12:42
Speaker A
بس هو ايه لازم كده كدكتور تبقى متعود تلقط بسرعة ال abnormality.
12:48
Speaker A
Third, look at the base picture.
12:50
Speaker A
Actual bicarbonate (aHCO3) vs standard bicarbonate (sHCO3).
12:53
Speaker A
What's the difference?
12:55
Speaker A
aHCO3 is the actual measurement of bicarbonate in that actual blood sample.
12:59
Speaker A
The problem with this measurement is that it is markedly affected by PaCO2.
13:03
Speaker A
If the PaCO2 is high, the aHCO3 is dragged higher and vice versa.
13:11
Speaker A
What one would like to know is what the HCO3 would have been had the PaCO2 been normal.
13:17
Speaker A
It is this value that would provide a direct handle on what the metabolic system is doing.
13:22
Speaker A
Known as the sHCO3.
13:25
Speaker A
Metabolic acidosis is defined as an arterial pH below 7.36 in association with a reduced plasma bicarbonate concentration.
13:31
Speaker A
Metabolic acidosis stimulates a rapid ventilatory response decreasing the PaCO2.
13:36
Speaker A
The normal respiratory response to a metabolic acidosis is a decrease in PaCO2 of 1.2 mmHg for every 1.0 mEq/L reduction of serum bicarbonate to a minimum PaCO2 of 10 mmHg.
13:43
Speaker A
ال acidosis دي هتعمل ايه؟
13:44
Speaker A
Rapid ventilatory response to decrease the CO2.
13:47
Speaker A
ليه؟ لان ال CO2 بيخش في تكوين مين؟
13:50
Speaker A
Which acid?
13:52
Speaker A
Carbonic acid.
13:53
Speaker A
فلما انا wash ال CO2 ايه اللي هيقل؟
13:57
Speaker A
ايه اللي هيتصلح؟
13:58
Speaker A
احتمال يعني احاول compensate for the ايه؟
14:01
Speaker A
For the pH.
14:02
Speaker A
مش كده؟
14:03
Speaker A
فالجسم بيحاول يشغل ال respiratory center وال CO2 يبقى washed.
14:08
Speaker A
فكده اقدر اوزن ال pH اللي هي كانت هدفي الرئيسي.
14:11
Speaker A
طيب the normal respiratory response to metabolic acidosis is a decrease in PaCO2 of 1.2 mmHg for every 1.0 mEq/L reduction of serum bicarbonate to a minimum PaCO2 of 10 mmHg.
14:18
Speaker A
In the presence of a normal respiratory response, a serum pH less than expected respiratory response constitutes a mixed acid-base disturbance.
14:25
Speaker A
يعني انا لو لقيت الفرق بين ال CO2 وال bicarbonate وال pH مش عاجبني.
14:30
Speaker A
يبقى there is some mix between respiratory and metabolic problems.
14:35
Speaker A
Metabolic acidosis can occur as a result of either increased acid production or acid ingestion.
14:40
Speaker A
ده طبعا زي عندنا في الاطفال في ال metabolic disorders او في حالات ال failure of decreased excretion.
14:45
Speaker A
زي حالات ال renal failure or increased rate of gastrointestinal and renal HCO3 loss.
14:50
Speaker A
زي حالات ال diarrhea.
14:52
Speaker A
طيب ايه اللي بشوفه فيها؟
14:55
Speaker A
طبعا low pH, low bicarbonate, low base excess.
15:00
Speaker A
وكمان ال CO2 usually بيبقى washed as a trial of respiratory compensation زي ما اتفقنا.
15:04
Speaker A
طب انا لقيت عندي metabolic acidosis المفروض احلل ايه بعد كده؟
15:08
Speaker A
As a physician.
15:09
Speaker A
انتوا عارفين طبعا.
15:11
Speaker A
Anion gap.
15:13
Speaker A
Anion gap increased or decreased anion gap بقسم ال acidosis into a metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap and metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap.
15:19
Speaker A
Normal anion gap من 8 ل 16.
15:20
Speaker A
والمفروض انها تبقى corrected for ايه؟
15:24
Speaker A
Corrected for albumin.
15:26
Speaker A
Okay بس طبعا دي محتاجة تبقى عندي ال data بتاعت ال albumin.
15:33
Speaker A
طيب respiratory acidosis دي سببها ايه؟
15:36
Speaker A
Inadequate alveolar ventilation.
15:38
Speaker A
متوقع الاقي ايه؟
15:40
Speaker A
Low pH و high CO2.
15:43
Speaker A
تمام؟
15:45
Speaker A
وبالتالي CO2 retention.
15:47
Speaker A
من اسباب اشهر الاسباب اللي هتقابلكم في ال emergency department عيان واخد drug.
15:53
Speaker A
ليه؟
15:57
Speaker A
علشان hypoventilation.
15:58
Speaker A
وبالتالي he can't breathe هتلاقوا ال respiratory rate بتاعته مثلا 11 او 12.
16:03
Speaker A
وبالتالي ال CO2 اللي واصل sorry ال CO2 اصلا is retained.
16:08
Speaker A
لان انا ما عنديش respiratory rate تسمح.
16:11
Speaker A
عيان ال Guillain-Barré syndrome ليه؟
16:14
Speaker A
لان type 2 respiratory failure.
16:17
Speaker A
برضه respiratory hypoventilation.
16:19
Speaker A
عيان ال asthma.
16:21
Speaker A
علشان نفس النظرية اللي اتفقنا عليها ان ال effective space بتاع ال lung اللي يقدر ي wash CO2 is not there.
16:26
Speaker A
طيب وايه كمان؟
16:27
Speaker A
عيان انا في ال في ال رعاية والعيان حاطط له under support ال ventilator settings قليلة.
16:34
Speaker A
فالاقي ال CO2 ايه؟
16:36
Speaker A
يعلى.
16:37
Speaker A
ودي either بحالة لو انا كدكتور شاطر واكتشفتها حالا هتبقى acute respiratory acidosis.
16:42
Speaker A
لو انا ما خدتش بالي وخدت بالي بعد بكرة هتبقى ايه؟
16:46
Speaker A
Chronic.
16:47
Speaker A
وده يعني مش هيحصل غالبا ال chronic respiratory acidosis بنشوفها في عيانين chronic lung disease زي ال cystic fibrosis مثلا.
16:54
Speaker A
طيب excessive alveolar ventilation.
16:57
Speaker A
دي هلاقي فيها high pH و low CO2.
17:01
Speaker A
Examples زي عيانين ال pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism.
17:06
Speaker A
ده عيان usually بي hyperventilate او انا عيان في ال ICU حاطط له respiratory rate عالية.
17:12
Speaker A
او حاطط له pressure عالي.
17:15
Speaker A
فده بالتالي washing the CO2 و subsequently ال pH هتبقى alkalotic.
17:21
Speaker A
ال pH بتاعتي هتعلى.
17:23
Speaker A
طيب metabolic alkalosis تاني.
17:26
Speaker A
طبعا بلاقي كل ال items فيها عالية بلاقي ال pH عالي ال bicarbonate عالي ال base excess عالي وال CO2 كمان عالي.
17:31
Speaker A
Result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration leading to increased bicarbonate.
17:36
Speaker A
Or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations.
17:40
Speaker A
طبعا من الامثلة مثلا غير ال hyperventilation.
17:42
Speaker A
عيان بياخد iatrogenic bicarbonate excess.
17:46
Speaker A
قعد كذا يوم كان عنده metabolic acidosis وقعد بعد كده 3 4 ايام.
17:51
Speaker A
ال supplemental او maintenance bicarbonate لغاية ما وصلنا لل metabolic alkalosis.
17:56
Speaker A
وطبعا عيانين اللي بياخدوا diuretics in excess.
18:00
Speaker A
Causes of metabolic alkalosis like vomiting and diarrhea.
18:03
Speaker A
Renal loss زي ال thiazide diuretics او heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, Conn's disease.
18:09
Speaker A
Addition of excess alkali زي ما اتفقنا بالنسبة لنا ان احنا نحط maintenance bicarbonate for a patient.
18:14
Speaker A
And we forget that maintenance bicarbonate.
18:18
Speaker A
انا ممكن يبقى عندي mix؟
18:21
Speaker A
Yes ممكن يبقى عندي mix.
18:22
Speaker A
هلاقي اي حاجة وكل حاجة الاقي ال pH قليلة ال CO2 عالي وال bicarbonate قليل.
18:26
Speaker A
طيب عرفنا احنا تفرقتنا بال respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic alkalosis.
18:32
Speaker A
دي احنا عارفينها كلنا.
18:34
Speaker A
ما هياش صعبة.
18:35
Speaker A
لكن نيجي ندخل بقى في التفاصيل بتاعتها انا عايزة اعرف في compensation ولا لا.
18:40
Speaker A
Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation هلاقي فيها ال bicarbonate عالي.
18:45
Speaker A
Okay.
18:46
Speaker A
اعلى من 28.
18:48
Speaker A
يبقى انا لما الاقي respiratory acidosis with high bicarbonate هفكر انها respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation.
18:54
Speaker A
طيب ال CO2 لو انا عندي metabolic acidosis وال CO2 بتاعها اقل من 35.
18:59
Speaker A
يبقى انا عندي metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation.
19:04
Speaker A
لكن لو ال CO2 اكتر من 35.
19:08
Speaker A
يبقى metabolic acidosis without full compensation or we can say that it's a mixed process.
19:14
Speaker A
Okay.
19:15
Speaker A
Mixed metabolic acidosis with respiratory acidosis.
19:19
Speaker A
طيب لو انا عندي respiratory.
19:21
Speaker A
The same يعني انتوا ممكن تاخدوا صورة لل للجدول.
19:24
Speaker A
علشان ما اثقلش عليكوا في التفاصيل بتاعته.
19:30
Speaker A
طيب how to differentiate between acute and chronic respiratory failure.
19:35
Speaker A
انا ممكن طبعا حسب النوع of respiratory failure هو مش بس بيتقسم ل type 1 و type 2.
19:42
Speaker A
Type 1 ال lung disease و type 2 hypoventilation like Guillain-Barré او bronchial asthma.
19:47
Speaker A
ده كمان بيتقسم ل hypercapnic and hypoxemic respiratory failure.
19:52
Speaker A
ال hypercapnic ال CO2 فيه اكتر من 45.
19:57
Speaker A
Hypoxemic ببص على ال pO2 لان usually ال CO2 بيبقى normal.
20:00
Speaker A
وال acute بت develop in minutes to hours while the chronic develop over several days or longer.
20:05
Speaker A
طيب وايه كمان؟
20:07
Speaker A
زي ما اتفقنا انا هفرق بين ال acute وال chronic ال chronic اول حاجة بيبقى فيه element of compensation.
20:12
Speaker A
وال compensation هنا في ال acute respiratory failure بيبقى عن طريق ال kidney انها بتحاول تعلي ال bicarbonate to compensate.
20:19
Speaker A
وبالتالي هلاقي ال pH normal or near normal وهلاقي ال bicarbonate فيها عالي.
20:24
Speaker A
وهلاقي ال bicarbonate فيها عالي.
20:27
Speaker A
ده example لولد عنده 13 سنة.
20:30
Speaker A
جاي ال emergency complaining of a tight feeling in their chest.
20:34
Speaker A
Shortness of breath and some tingling in their fingers around and their mouth.
20:39
Speaker A
They have no significant past medical history and are not on any regular medication.
20:44
Speaker A
An ABG is performed on the patient (who is not currently receiving any oxygen therapy).
20:50
Speaker A
طيب ال pO2 105.
20:53
Speaker A
ال pH 7.49.
20:56
Speaker A
ال CO2 27.
20:59
Speaker A
ال bicarbonate 24.
21:05
Speaker A
ايه رأيكوا في ال ABG دي؟
21:10
Speaker A
Respiratory ايه؟
21:13
Speaker A
مسمعتش.
21:15
Speaker A
Respiratory alkalosis.
21:16
Speaker A
برافو عليكي صح.
21:18
Speaker A
ليه؟ لان ال pH بتاعتي اعلى من 7.45.
21:22
Speaker A
يبقى انا alkalotic.
21:24
Speaker A
وال CO2 washed.
21:26
Speaker A
يبقى هي respiratory alkalosis.
21:29
Speaker A
Yes.
21:31
Speaker A
طبعا هنا في this derangement is relatively acute.
21:36
Speaker A
احنا لسه مش compensated.
21:39
Speaker A
Respiratory alkalosis with no metabolic compensation.
21:42
Speaker A
برافو عليكي.
21:43
Speaker A
ليه؟ لان ال bicarbonate لسه ما عليش.
21:45
Speaker A
The underlying cause of respiratory alkalosis in this case, is a panic attack.
21:49
Speaker A
هنا في العيان ده ايه؟
21:51
Speaker A
يمكن تيجي للسن 13 سنة.
21:53
Speaker A
ده ممكن يكون ايه؟
21:55
Speaker A
Adolescent مثلا male or female.
21:57
Speaker A
بي hyperventilate.
21:58
Speaker A
عنده anxiety.
21:59
Speaker A
بس.
22:01
Speaker A
ودي بتحصل عندنا في المستشفى امتى؟
22:04
Speaker A
طفل عمال يعيط واحنا بنسحب العينة.
22:08
Speaker A
ومش عارفين نسحبها.
22:10
Speaker A
نقعد مرة واتنين وتلاتة بيقعد ي hyperventilate.
22:13
Speaker A
ممكن نلاقي ال blood gases like this.
22:15
Speaker A
ما نلاقيش ال bicarbonate عالي.
22:17
Speaker A
برافو عليكي.
22:18
Speaker A
لسه مفيش compensation.
22:20
Speaker A
ليه؟ لان احنا لسه acute.
22:22
Speaker A
ال kidney ما لحقتش تشتغل.
22:24
Speaker A
واحنا متفقين ال kidney بتاخد 3 to 5 days.
22:27
Speaker A
طيب ده ولد عنده 15 سنة.
22:30
Speaker A
Cirrhosis and ascites secondary to Wilson disease admitted to the hospital with acute gastrointestinal bleeding due to ruptured esophageal varices.
22:35
Speaker A
He is taken to surgery.
22:37
Speaker A
He is given a total of 19 units of blood before and during the surgery.
22:43
Speaker A
Following values are obtained 12 hours after surgery.
22:47
Speaker A
ولقينا ال blood gases ايه رأيكوا فيها؟
22:49
Speaker A
pH 7.53.
22:52
Speaker A
CO2 50.
22:54
Speaker A
Bicarbonate 40.
22:57
Speaker A
pH اول حاجة ايه؟
23:00
Speaker A
Alkalotic.
23:02
Speaker A
وال CO2؟
23:04
Speaker A
Alkalotic.
23:06
Speaker A
وال bicarbonate عالي.
23:08
Speaker A
صح؟
23:10
Speaker A
يبقى دي ايه؟
23:12
Speaker A
Metabolic alkalosis.
23:14
Speaker A
برافو عليكي.
23:15
Speaker A
طيب.
23:20
Speaker A
طيب ايه السبب تفتكروا؟
23:22
Speaker A
Hepatic insufficiency ولا hyperventilation ولا citrate load from multiple blood transfusion؟
23:29
Speaker A
Hyperventilation دي اكيد ما تنفعش.
23:33
Speaker A
هي الاجابة citrate load from blood transfusion.
23:37
Speaker A
The acute metabolic alkalosis is due to the citrate load from the multiple blood transfusions.
23:42
Speaker A
Acetazolamide is the preferred therapy, both to remove the excess fluid and to cause a preferential HCO3 diuresis.
23:49
Speaker A
Saline loading is not indicated since it will result in a marked increase in ascites formation.
23:55
Speaker A
لان العيان اصلا chronic liver disease.
23:58
Speaker A
طيب بصوا ده كده يعني ممكن تستعملوها في ال clinical practice بتاعكم.
24:03
Speaker A
سنة 2025 نزلوا بحث او paper عن استعمال ال ChatGPT في ال blood gas analysis.
24:09
Speaker A
ف you can try it.
24:11
Speaker A
ما يبتدي الواحد خبرة.
24:12
Speaker A
ليه لا؟
24:14
Speaker A
وهو هنا حاطط له ال blood gases قال له ال pH بتاعتي 7.02.
24:19
Speaker A
وال bicarbonate 8.
24:22
Speaker A
وال CO2 27.
24:25
Speaker A
واحنا على FiO2 21% وال saturation بتاع العيان 96.
24:30
Speaker A
وال pO2 136.
24:32
Speaker A
Hemoglobin 8.9.
24:35
Speaker A
Carboxyhemoglobin دي طبعا حاجات مش عندنا.
24:37
Speaker A
Methemoglobin 1.3.
24:40
Speaker A
Sodium 155.
24:43
Speaker A
وهيستعمل طبعا ال data دي في ال calculation of anion gap.
24:45
Speaker A
Potassium 6.2.
24:47
Speaker A
Chloride 132.
24:49
Speaker A
Glucose 183.
24:51
Speaker A
Bilirubin 1.
24:53
Speaker A
Lactate 14.
24:55
Speaker A
وال gender male.
24:56
Speaker A
هو بقى قال لي قال له حللي ال blood gases دي.
24:58
Speaker A
طب ما تيجوا احنا نبص عليها.
25:00
Speaker A
هو اصلا بصوا لما جه يتكلم معلش طبعا انا واخداه screenshot فهي ممكن ما تبقاش باينة اوي.
25:05
Speaker A
قال له ال pH دي severe acidosis.
25:07
Speaker A
هو بقى اللي عمل interpretation.
25:10
Speaker A
Severe واحنا يعني اتفقنا اقل حاجة اقل من 7.25 دي مشكلة.
25:15
Speaker A
طيب bicarbonate 8.1.
25:18
Speaker A
This is markedly low suggesting a metabolic component contributing to the acidosis.
25:22
Speaker A
طيب pCO2 at 27.8 mmHg.
25:24
Speaker A
This is also low (normal range 35-45 mmHg).
25:27
Speaker A
Indicating a compensatory respiratory alkalosis.
25:30
Speaker A
However, the level of compensation is inadequate to normalize the pH.
25:34
Speaker A
Determining the primary disorder.
25:36
Speaker A
The primary disorder here is metabolic acidosis due to the very low bicarbonate level, and this has triggered partial respiratory compensation (as seen in the decreased PaCO2).
25:43
Speaker A
Strong ion difference (SID) analysis.
25:46
Speaker A
Using the main ions.
25:49
Speaker A
Sodium (Na) 155 mmol/L.
25:52
Speaker A
Chloride (Cl) 132 mmol/L.
25:55
Speaker A
The SID can be calculated as follows.
25:58
Speaker A
SID = [Na+] - [Cl-] = 155 - 132 = 23 mmol/L.
26:04
Speaker A
A normal SID is generally around 40 mmol/L, so this reduced SID suggests a metabolic acidosis likely related to unmeasured anions.
26:10
Speaker A
Further considerations.
26:13
Speaker A
Lactate (14.8 mmol/L) is extremely elevated lactate suggests lactic acidosis, which is a common cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis.
26:20
Speaker A
This finding points toward a lactic acid buildup due to hypoxia, poor tissue perfusion, or other factors.
26:24
Speaker A
Potassium (K) at 6.2 mmol/L.
26:30
Speaker A
Elevated potassium may be secondary to acidosis, as acidosis can cause potassium to shift out of cells.
26:35
Speaker A
Hyperkalemia in this setting needs attention as it may pose a risk for cardiac complications.
26:40
Speaker A
Sodium and chloride both are elevated, which could indicate dehydration or hypernatremia.
26:44
Speaker A
Summary of findings.
26:46
Speaker A
Primary diagnosis: high anion gap metabolic acidosis due to elevated lactate.
26:51
Speaker A
Compensation: partial respiratory compensation (hypercapnia with PaCO2 of 27.8 mmHg) is present but insufficient to correct pH.
26:57
Speaker A
Treatment considerations.
26:59
Speaker A
Address the cause of lactic acidosis: immediate treatment aimed at improving tissue oxygenation and perfusion.
27:05
Speaker A
Consider evaluating for sepsis and initiating appropriate measures if suspected.
27:09
Speaker A
Electrolyte correction: carefully manage potassium, especially since hyperkalemia can lead to cardiac arrhythmias.
27:14
Speaker A
If necessary, start interventions to lower potassium levels safely.
27:18
Speaker A
Bicarbonate therapy: in severe acidosis (e.g., pH < 7.1), bicarbonate therapy may be considered cautiously, though its use remains debated.
27:24
Speaker A
It may provide temporary relief while the underlying issue is addressed.
27:28
Speaker A
These interpretations and recommendations are for educational purposes to help you understand the ABG findings.
27:32
Speaker A
Clinical evaluation and treatment decisions should be guided by a healthcare provider.

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