**The Science of Making & Breaking Habits — Transcript & Summary | SozAI**
Source: https://sozai.app/transcript/the-science-of-making-breaking-habits-transcript/

Explore the science behind habit formation and breaking, focusing on brain mechanisms, habit loops, and practical examples to change behavior.

## Key Takeaways

- Habits are automatic neural pathways formed to conserve brain energy.
- The habit loop consists of cue, routine, and reward, which reinforces behavior.
- Breaking and forming habits requires understanding and working with brain mechanisms, not just motivation.
- Repetition strengthens habits through myelination of neural pathways.
- Practical examples show how common behaviors fit into the habit loop framework.

## What the video covers

- Habits are neural shortcuts stored in the basal ganglia, allowing the brain to save energy by automating repetitive behaviors.
- The brain seeks efficiency and automates behaviors regardless of whether habits are good or bad.
- Habits form through a three-step loop: cue (trigger), routine (behavior), and reward (payoff), as identified by Charles Duhigg.
- Examples include anxiety-triggered social media use, stress-related alcohol consumption, midday sugar cravings, and emotional shopping.
- The brain reinforces habits by myelinating neural pathways, which strengthens the behavior loop over time.
- Understanding the science of habits helps create effective systems to build positive habits and break negative ones.
- Motivation alone is insufficient; structure and understanding of brain mechanisms are essential for lasting change.
- The basal ganglia plays a key role in storing habits and freeing cognitive resources for other tasks.
- The brain’s high energy consumption drives its preference for automating behaviors to conserve energy.
- Behavioral neuroscience research underpins the habit loop model and its practical applications.

Answers

## Questions about this video

What is a habit, scientifically speaking?

A habit is essentially a neural shortcut, a behavior loop stored in the basal ganglia of your brain. This region is responsible for routines, patterns, and repetitive behaviors, and when a behavior is repeated enough, it becomes automatic.

Why does the brain create habits?

The brain creates habits as a way to save energy. It is constantly looking to automate processes because it is the most energy-consuming organ in the body, using 20% of daily energy despite being only 2% of body weight.

What are the three steps to creating a habit?

According to research by Charles Duhigg, there is a three-step process to a habit: the cue, the routine, and the reward. The cue is the initial trigger for the habit.

## Full Transcript — Download SRT & Markdown

00:00

Speaker A

I want to be real with you for a second.

00:04

Speaker A

You don't need more motivation in order to create habits.

00:10

Speaker A

More motivation to go and take action and do something.

00:15

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What you really need is more understanding, more structure and a system to actually put in place to break the habits that are holding you back

00:23

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and to create the habits that are needed for you to change your life.

00:26

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and to actually work with your brain, not against it.

00:28

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I feel like if you know how your brain works and the mechanisms that trigger and habit in your brain to make a habit or to break a habit, it makes it way easier to create them because you understand what's actually happening versus shooting in the dark.

00:41

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And so when you look at a habit, like what scientifically speaking, what is a habit?

00:45

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A habit is just basically a neural shortcut.

00:53

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It's a behavior loop that is stored in a part of your brain that's called the basal ganglia.

01:00

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It's a region that is responsible for your routines, for your patterns and for all of your repetitive behaviors.

01:06

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And when a behavior is repeated enough times, it eventually becomes automatic.

01:14

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Meaning that your brain can offload the energy and attention that is required to do something that you've never done before.

01:22

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Do something that is not stored as a habit.

01:26

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Habits are very simply your brain's way of saving energy.

01:31

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Now, why does that matter?

01:34

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Because your brain is always looking to automate.

01:38

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It doesn't care if a habit is good, it doesn't care if a habit is bad.

01:44

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It cares if it is efficient.

01:46

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Because the most energy consuming organ in your body is your brain.

01:52

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It only weighs about 2% of your body weight, but it takes up 20% of your energy throughout the day.

01:58

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And critical thinking uses a lot of energy, so it wants to store stuff as habits.

02:04

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It actually wants you to store as habits.

02:07

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You know, if you look at a chess player, on average, a chess player can burn up to 6,000 calories a day playing chess.

02:13

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They really like barely move their bodies, they're sitting the entire time.

02:18

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The average person burns about 1500 to 2,000 calories.

02:22

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They burn 6,000 just because of the way that they're thinking.

02:25

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And so habits save energy in your brain.

02:30

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How are habits made?

02:32

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How are habits created?

02:33

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It's very simple, there's a guy named Charles Duhigg who found this.

02:37

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There's basically a three-step process to a habit.

02:42

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It's the cue, it's the routine, and it's the reward.

02:45

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And um, this is coming from research and behavioral neuroscience, all of this.

02:49

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So the cue is the first part of it.

02:54

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It is the thing that triggers, it's a signal or some sort of context in your life that prompts a behavior.

03:02

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So that's the first thing.

03:04

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It's you feel a certain way, you think a certain thing, you're in a certain location.

03:09

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It could be uh, a time, a place, an emotion, a thought, a uh, preceding event in some sort of way.

03:15

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So you have a cue, which is the trigger.

03:17

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You have the routine, which is the behavior.

03:22

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That's basically the action that you take that you're wanting to turn into a habit.

03:28

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If you're trying to create them.

03:30

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Or the one that you're trying to break.

03:32

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If you're trying to break a habit.

03:33

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So that's the routine.

03:34

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And then the reward is the payoff for your brain.

03:40

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The feeling or benefit that your brain receives from doing the routine.

03:47

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And it closes the loop of the cue, routine, reward.

03:52

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It closes the loop and now your brain is done with it.

03:55

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And so, let me give you some context.

03:59

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Let me make it, you know, real.

04:01

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I'll give you some examples in your life, right?

04:03

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Cue, maybe you feel anxious.

04:06

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You have anxiety.

04:07

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You start to feel the feelings of like shortness of breath, your your heart's starting to race, maybe you're starting to sweat a little bit.

04:15

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You feel anxious in some sort of way.

04:17

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Who knows why, you're thinking of something.

04:20

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Something happened before.

04:21

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You feel anxious.

04:22

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That's the cue.

04:23

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Routine, you take out your phone and you scroll on Instagram.

04:27

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The reward is you tempo you you feel temporarily distracted.

04:33

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And your brain says, okay, this is awesome.

04:36

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I'm going to do this every time we're anxious.

04:38

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Because you're not thinking about the thing that's making you anxious.

04:42

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So that's the cue, the routine and the reward.

04:46

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I think this is one of the main reasons why so many people are addicted to social media and their phones.

04:53

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Is because they're trying to distract themselves from all of the anxiety that they have in their own lives.

04:57

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What's another example?

04:59

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Let's say that you uh, your cue is you come home from work.

05:05

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And you're stressed out about work.

05:07

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And maybe you're or maybe you're stressed out at parenting and it's 6:00 p.m.

05:13

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You're like, ah, okay.

05:14

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It's been a stressful day, I'm going to pour a glass of wine.

05:18

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Okay, so the routine is pouring a glass of wine or two or three.

05:23

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That's the routine and the reward that your brain and your body feel, temporary relief, numbing, not thinking about anything that you were thinking about.

05:31

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Your nervous system gets a little bit of a shift.

05:34

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You go from sympathetic activation in your sympathetic nervous system, which is the one that's fight or flight to parasympathetic, which is, I can finally breathe.

05:41

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Right?

05:42

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So people say, I want to take an edge off.

05:44

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My question always is, why is there an edge?

05:46

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And so your brain over time starts to associate alcohol with relief.

05:53

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Eventually craves the shortcut even on low stress days.

05:59

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So maybe you did have a stressful day.

06:01

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Maybe it's Saturday.

06:02

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Ah, you know what, it'd be nice just to relax a little bit.

06:05

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Oh, boom, now you go to a glass of wine again.

06:07

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What's another example?

06:09

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Maybe you have like midday junk food cravings.

06:12

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So maybe your your cue is between 2:00 and 3:00 on average.

06:17

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You have a an energy dip.

06:18

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So that's your cue.

06:20

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Your routine is you grab sugar or some sort of like a cookie or soda or candy bar.

06:26

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The reward is that your blood sugar spikes, it gives you temporary energy.

06:32

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It gives you a dopamine boost.

06:34

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And so over time your body starts to learn, okay, low energy.

06:40

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I need to go to get a sugar fix.

06:43

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And eventually your body starts to anticipate that reward before the energy crash even starts to happen.

06:48

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And let me give you one more example.

06:50

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So we can kind of get this, right?

06:51

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One of the things that I've seen with a lot of people that's not really talked about a whole lot is is is like spending money and buying stuff online.

07:00

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Or just shopping online in period.

07:02

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And so the cue could be you're bored, you've had a long day, you're exhausted, you have this uh, emotional emptiness.

07:13

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You have a job that you don't love and a boss that you hate and you're, you know, thinking about, well, I can't be doing this for the rest of my life.

07:19

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I don't even enjoy any part of this.

07:21

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So you feel empty inside in some sort of way.

07:23

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That's the cue.

07:24

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Your routine is you go online or you just go walk around Target just because that's your routine.

07:29

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And so you buy something, the reward is the dopamine rush of novelty, of short-term emotional lift.

07:38

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And so shopping becomes emotional self-soothing.

07:44

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And your brain wires consumption to mean comfort in some sort of way.

07:49

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And the loop repeats.

07:51

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And this neural pathway gets stronger literally.

07:56

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And I'll explain to you how it actually gets stronger.

07:59

Speaker A

I hate when people use the word literal when they're not actually saying, when it's not actually literally.

08:04

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But this is an actual literal example, right?

08:07

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This is how it works.

08:08

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Your brain, how it works on habits is this.

08:12

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Is there's a thing that's in your brain called myelin.

08:15

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And myelin is really important.

08:18

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When you repeat a habit over and over again, you myelinate that neural pathway.

08:23

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Myelin is an electrical insulation around your brain wires, basically, if you want to think about it that way.

08:30

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Just to make it easy to understand.

08:32

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It's the same way that if you look at your phone charger, right?

08:35

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And you plug in your phone.

08:37

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The phone charger might be white.

08:39

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But that is just the rubber that's on the outside.

08:43

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On the inside of that is a copper wire.

08:47

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And the copper wire is actually where the electrical signal is sent from your wall to your phone.

08:52

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The wire, the the white that's on the outside of the wire, the rubber insulates the electrical signal.

08:59

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Which allows the electrical signal to send more efficiently.

09:02

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The myelin in your brain that you build from doing something over and over again is the equivalent of that white little wire.

09:10

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And so over time the more you do something, the more myelin that you build around that actual wire in your brain.

09:15

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And the more myelin that you build, the faster the signals work.

09:20

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The more efficiently they work.

09:22

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And the more automatic the behavior becomes.

09:25

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It means that every repetition that you have towards something, good or bad, any action, strengthens that behavior on a biological level.

09:32

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And so when you look at that,

09:35

Speaker A

Okay, now we kind of understand how the brain works.

09:41

Speaker A

How do we tactically step by step actually start to break habits?

09:47

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And then I'm going to talk about how to, I'm sorry.

09:50

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How to build habits first.

09:52

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And then I'm going to talk about how to break habits second.

09:53

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Okay?

09:54

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So the first thing you're going to want to do is you're going to want to have an actual structure.

10:00

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And structure your habit in this form.

10:04

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So this this format.

10:05

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And it is I will blank at blank in blank.

10:10

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So this is the way it works.

10:11

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I will behavior at a time in location.

10:15

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So I will stretch if you want to start stretching.

10:18

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Because you're you're getting old like we all are and things are starting to hurt, right?

10:23

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I will stretch for two minutes at 7:00 a.m. in the living room.

10:28

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See how you're actually putting structure to it.

10:32

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Your brain likes structure and it likes context.

10:34

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Likes to know the environment that it's going to be in.

10:36

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I will stretch for two minutes at 7:00 a.m. in the living room.

10:40

Speaker A

Cool.

10:41

Speaker A

That's a really good one.

10:43

Speaker A

That's one way that you can help yourself build habits.

10:45

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Another way that you can help yourself build habits is to stack it on top of an existing habit.

10:50

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This is called habit stacking.

10:52

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Um, I believe that BJ Fogg, uh, who's a doctor.

10:58

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Um, in some sort of way.

11:00

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Uh, came up with this.

11:03

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It's either Charles Duhigg or BJ Fogg.

11:04

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But habit stacking is when you take one habit that's already a habit and you stack the new habit on top of it.

11:09

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And so if you say, you know, I want to do 100 pushups a day.

11:13

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Then what you could say is, okay, while my coffee maker is going and creating coffee.

11:19

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I'm going to do 100 pushups.

11:21

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And I won't have my coffee until the 100 pushups are done.

11:23

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If you have coffee every single morning, well, now you're attaching the 100 pushups to the back end of it.

11:26

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Great.

11:27

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If you want to do, you know, uh, let's say five minutes of meditation.

11:33

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Okay, well then after I I'll do it five minutes of meditation in the morning and in the evening.

11:38

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After I brush my teeth in the morning and in the evening, I will go to my couch that is, you know, at the end of my bed.

11:45

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And uh, I will do a five-minute breathing and meditation routine.

11:49

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So you're taking a habit, you're putting another habit on the back end of it.

11:53

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This taps into your brain's desire for predictability.

11:56

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Our brain's really want predictable.

11:58

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And so you're using one habit to basically birth another.

12:03

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Okay?

12:04

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Another thing that you want to try to do is try to use sensory anchors.

12:07

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And so make it visual.

12:10

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And and have it out so you can see it.

12:12

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So if you want to start journaling more, well then I want you to have your journal on the island in your house next to where your coffee is.

12:20

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So that therefore when you're drinking your coffee in the morning, you give yourself five minutes.

12:24

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And you actually journal.

12:25

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But make it so you can see it.

12:27

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So visual is a part of it.

12:29

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Auditory is another part of it.

12:31

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You know, when you do deep work.

12:33

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This is something that I do.

12:35

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When I sit down to work for for a good two hours straight.

12:38

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If you've listened to this podcast for a while, you've heard me say this over and over again.

12:43

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I listen to the same song every time I work.

12:49

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I literally did it as I was creating this episode for the past five years.

12:53

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I'm training my brain to basically know, hey, we're about to work right now.

12:59

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So you can do visual.

13:01

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You can do auditory.

13:02

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Whatever it is that kind of anchors it in the real world for your brain to go, oh, it's time to do that thing.

13:10

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Oh, there's my cue, I need to end up doing the the routine.

13:13

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Okay?

13:14

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So that's the first part.

13:16

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The second part, step two is to make your routine stupidly small.

13:20

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Like don't try to be heroic.

13:23

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Try to be repeatable.

13:25

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And this is where a lot of people go wrong.

13:30

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They're like, well, I want to just really just.

13:33

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I'm going to work out for two hours every single day.

13:36

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And I'm like, no, just just put your workout clothes on.

13:38

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Like that's what I want you to do.

13:40

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I'm going to wake up in the morning and I'm going to do a uh.

13:44

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74 things on my checklist for my morning routine.

13:50

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And I'm like, no, just have your feet hit the floor.

13:52

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Like make it so small.

13:55

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Make it so repeatable.

13:58

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And where most people go wrong is they build routines for who they want to become.

14:04

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Like in the future, a year from today or 10 years from today.

14:08

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And they go, I'm going to do what that person would do.

14:10

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I say though you should do is you should build routines for who you are right now.

14:14

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You know, it's like going into the gym and trying to lift, you know, squat 400 pounds.

14:20

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When you've never been to the gym before.

14:22

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No, when you go to the gym, the way that a muscle grows and you get better at something is you lift a little bit more than you can right now.

14:30

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It's in your capacity, but it's just on the edge of your capacity.

14:33

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The reason why this is really important is because when when you actually have to sit down.

14:39

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And the the science behind it is the the prefrontal cortex is involved in decisions.

14:45

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And the decisions require effort.

14:49

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But your your prefrontal cortex, the decision-making part of your brain fatigues very easily.

14:54

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And so when you start small, it kind of passes that prefrontal filter.

14:59

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Avoiding this cognitive resistance that you might have.

15:02

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And so you want to kind of shrink it into the point of as little resistance as possible.

15:08

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And so what you would ask yourself to your I'm going to create this habit.

15:12

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And then you ask yourself this question.

15:15

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What would the version of me do if I had the flu?

15:18

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So, you know, if if you had the flu, it wouldn't be I would go to the gym.

15:25

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It would be I would just put on my gym clothes.

15:27

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Okay.

15:28

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That's the first step.

15:31

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That right there is the cue for the routine to start in some sort of way.

15:33

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All right, well, you put your gym clothes on, but you you might as well just move around a little bit, right?

15:36

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Maybe you could do some yoga.

15:37

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Maybe you could do some squats.

15:38

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Maybe you go for a walk.

15:39

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Right, what would the the sick version of you do?

15:42

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Probably not write an entire blog post.

15:45

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Maybe they would they could sit down and they could write one sentence.

15:47

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That's what I mean by stupid simple, like stupid small.

15:50

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One sentence.

15:51

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Okay, well then just write one sentence.

15:52

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When you get done with that one, guess what you might do?

15:54

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You might keep going.

15:55

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You're trying to start and initiate the habit, not take this huge thing that you need to do.

15:59

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You don't sit down to write a book, you sit down to write one sentence and see if the book keeps coming out of you.

16:03

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That's how habits are made.

16:04

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You use this thing that's called the two-minute rule.

16:06

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Okay, if it takes less than two minutes, it qualifies as the gateway behavior.

16:11

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The cue that you're looking for and the the beginning of the routine.

16:14

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You know, two minutes of yoga is still yoga.

16:16

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And after you do two minutes, you're like, yeah, you know what?

16:19

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I'll probably keep going.

16:20

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I don't want you to focus and this is a big part of habits, right?

16:24

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I don't want you to focus on progress.

16:26

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Which is really interesting to think about, right?

16:28

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I don't want you to focus on progress.

16:29

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I want you to track consistency.

16:31

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Right?

16:33

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You're not building a body.

16:35

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You're building a pattern in some way.

16:37

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And this is why I think a lot of people mess up where they're like, why I need to go to the gym every single day.

16:42

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And this is my exact routine.

16:44

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That's good.

16:45

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But really what it comes down to is like, I just want you to walk in the gym every single day.

16:49

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And instead of thinking about I need to build, I need to lose 50 pounds of fat.

16:54

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And I need to do this.

16:55

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No, no, no, I'm trying to build a pattern.

16:58

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And the pattern is I walk into the gym every single day.

17:00

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And usually when you walk into the gym, guess what you do?

17:03

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You decide to do some form of movement.

17:06

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Which is better than not showing up to the gym at all.

17:08

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So you really just track.

17:10

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Did I do it?

17:11

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Okay, so that's step number two.

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Step number three is to repeat until this thing is automatic.

17:17

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And then you can worry about optimizing.

17:19

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Repetition isn't boring.

17:22

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People are like, oh my God, repetition is so boring.

17:24

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No, repetition is rewiring.

17:26

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Is really what it is.

17:27

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Repetition is the mother of all skill.

17:29

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And so when you look at it, repetition actually strengthens the synaptic connections between neurons.

17:34

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So I want to be as repeatable as I possibly can.

17:37

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And so your cerebellum, which is a part of your brain that the cerebellum fine tunes and coordinates movements.

17:46

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It helps your body perform actions smoothly and accurately.

17:50

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Then the other thing it does is it also plays a really key role in making repeated behaviors automatic.

17:56

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So you don't have to think about it anymore.

17:58

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It's essentially it's turning the conscious effort into unconscious habits.

18:02

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And so your cerebellum takes over automated routines once all of this is encoded.

18:07

Speaker A

And they say on average it takes about 66 days to create a new habit.

18:13

Speaker A

But it can take anywhere between, you know, the science has found 18 to 250 days.

18:19

Speaker A

Depending on the complexity of the habit.

18:21

Speaker A

Which is why I say make it as simple as possible.

18:22

Speaker A

What I say, commit to 100 days.

18:24

Speaker A

Of just doing the same thing over and over again.

18:27

Speaker A

Right, your brain codes patterns.

18:29

Speaker A

So if you keep switching context, it won't stick very well.

18:32

Speaker A

So try to have the same trigger, try to have the same time, try to have the same environment.

18:36

Speaker A

And your brain starts to code it that way.

18:38

Speaker A

And then you can track it in some sort of way, like have a a tracker where you track every single day that you do it.

18:42

Speaker A

And then when you screw up, which you will screw up 100%, life happens.

18:48

Speaker A

You'll miss a day.

18:49

Speaker A

Don't spiral.

18:50

Speaker A

Use it as data.

18:51

Speaker A

Okay, I screwed up, I was supposed to I went to the gym 16 days in a row.

18:55

Speaker A

Today 17, I screwed it up.

18:56

Speaker A

You know what, I forgot to put in my schedule, X, Y and Z.

18:59

Speaker A

I'm going to make sure I don't do it again.

19:00

Speaker A

Don't beat yourself up.

19:02

Speaker A

Because then you're not going to show up tomorrow if you make yourself feel like shit.

19:04

Speaker A

Okay?

19:05

Speaker A

So that's how you create a habit.

19:07

Speaker A

Let's talk about how to break a habit really quick.

19:09

Speaker A

So, you know, if you look at it, you're you're thinking cue, routine, reward.

19:13

Speaker A

The first thing you want to do is you want to disrupt the cue.

19:16

Speaker A

Make the trigger, the cue, invisible or irrelevant.

19:20

Speaker A

So if you want to stop uh, eating crappy food around your house.

19:25

Speaker A

Take all of the snacks and throw them away.

19:28

Speaker A

You can't do it.

19:29

Speaker A

If you're scrolling on the couch, take all of the cushions off the couch whenever you wake up in the morning and throw them in another room.

19:35

Speaker A

You're not going to lay on a couch that doesn't have cushions.

19:37

Speaker A

You're watching too much TV.

19:40

Speaker A

Take the TV off of the wall for three months.

19:43

Speaker A

You're spending too much time on social media.

19:45

Speaker A

Delete the apps.

19:46

Speaker A

You want to make the triggers invisible or irrelevant in some sort of way.

19:50

Speaker A

The other thing you want to do is you want to add friction to the routine in some sort of way.

19:53

Speaker A

Put barriers in place.

19:54

Speaker A

Whenever you get done on Instagram, log out of Instagram.

19:57

Speaker A

And therefore you have to give, oh, I'm going to get up and I'm going to have to put the password in, screw it.

20:03

Speaker A

I don't want to do that.

20:04

Speaker A

That little bit of friction will make most people not get on social media.

20:07

Speaker A

You know, you can also take your phone and leave it in a drawer in the kitchen if you work from home.

20:13

Speaker A

Or if you work from an office, you know, put it in your car.

20:16

Speaker A

So that you can't use it.

20:17

Speaker A

Or the couch cushions are put away, or your TV.

20:21

Speaker A

You'd have to take your TV out of your closet just to watch it.

20:25

Speaker A

Screw it, I'll read a book instead.

20:27

Speaker A

Right, and so it's not about becoming perfect, it's about trying to get as chain as many as possible in a row.

20:32

Speaker A

And when you screw up, continue to keep doing it the next day.

20:34

Speaker A

You know, like my favorite quote around this is James Clear and he says, every action that you take is a vote for the person that you wish to become.

20:39

Speaker A

And so every repetition that you have is a neural imprint of your future self.

20:44

Speaker A

So you don't want to be perfect, you want to be consistent.

20:47

Speaker A

You don't want to be big, you want to make it inevitable.

20:49

Speaker A

And so find one thing that you can do every single day.

20:53

Speaker A

Choose one habit.

20:54

Speaker A

Anchor it to an existing habit that you already have, an existing cue.

20:58

Speaker A

Make it stupid small.

20:59

Speaker A

And then celebrate yourself when you get it done.

21:01

Speaker A

Because neurons don't care how sexy your goal is.

21:05

Speaker A

They care if it's repeated.

21:10

Speaker A

Hey, thanks so much for watching this video.

21:12

Speaker A

YouTube thinks out of all of the stuff you've been watching recently that this one right here is going to connect with you the most.

21:19

Speaker A

You should watch this.

21:20

Speaker A

It's perfectly crafted for you.

21:21

Speaker A

And if you want to make sure you subscribe and not miss any more videos, click that link right there.

Topics: habits habit formation breaking habits basal ganglia habit loop cue routine reward myelin behavioral neuroscience motivation brain energy

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